F 70 Mild mental retardation
/ IQ in the range of 50 to 69 /
What can people with mild mental retardation:
Persons with mild mental retardation acquire speech late, but reached levels of elementary everyday speech: learn to hold a conversation and to construct complex sentences. Talks, including hardwood and interview.
Achieved full independence in daily living his own learn to feed, wash and dress observe hygienic habits.
Learn simple and practical household skills, although the pace is slower.
Well developed some practical skills related to unskilled and low-skilled manual labor
What are the main zatrunenie of persons with mild mental retardation
The main difficulties in mastering reading habits, writing and math.
There is an inability to deal with complex situations requiring mobilization, speed of response and competitiveness. In most cases there is behavioral, emotional and social immaturity.
In many of these persons are found organic cause. Commonly seen combination of mental retardation with other psychiatric disorders such as autism, developmental disorders, epilepsy, behavioral disorders or physical disabilities.
понеделник, 22 декември 2014 г.
F 71 Moderate mental retardation
F 71 Moderate mental retardation
/ IQ in the range of 35 to 49 /
What can people with moderate mental retardation?
· Persons with moderate mental retardation develop speech at a later age and use it more limited. The level of their ability extends to form simple sentences and simple daily conversations through which to communicate and meet their basic needs. Some people learn to use the language but understand simple instructions and learn to use gestures as compensation.
· Motor skills and habits of self-service are limited, which somewhat limits alone operation. This requires unobtrusive or permanent control by the supportive environment.
· These people readily can perform simple practical tasks, such instructions must be submitted well structured and cleverly under professional guidance / most often by psychologists, special educators, speech therapists, social pedagogues and other trained professionals. /
· In most cases, have developed physical capabilities and to establish such contacts, which is the basis for inclusion in basic social activities that serve for life in adulthood.
What are the main difficulties of persons with moderate mental retardation?
· In terms of utilization of basic school skills, a large part unable to build and automate reading habits, writing and arithmetic. In this sense are needed special individual training programs to develop their potential and limitations to develop their maximum potential.
· In most persons in this category may be established organic etiology. Epilepsy, neurological and physical defects are common, but most can to movement in pronstranstvoto alone.
· It is possible to discover and secondary psychiatric conditions, the limited level of speech development makes diagnosis difficult and depends on the information received from the people of the nearby society.
Any associated disorder is coded separately.
/ IQ in the range of 35 to 49 /
What can people with moderate mental retardation?
· Persons with moderate mental retardation develop speech at a later age and use it more limited. The level of their ability extends to form simple sentences and simple daily conversations through which to communicate and meet their basic needs. Some people learn to use the language but understand simple instructions and learn to use gestures as compensation.
· Motor skills and habits of self-service are limited, which somewhat limits alone operation. This requires unobtrusive or permanent control by the supportive environment.
· These people readily can perform simple practical tasks, such instructions must be submitted well structured and cleverly under professional guidance / most often by psychologists, special educators, speech therapists, social pedagogues and other trained professionals. /
· In most cases, have developed physical capabilities and to establish such contacts, which is the basis for inclusion in basic social activities that serve for life in adulthood.
What are the main difficulties of persons with moderate mental retardation?
· In terms of utilization of basic school skills, a large part unable to build and automate reading habits, writing and arithmetic. In this sense are needed special individual training programs to develop their potential and limitations to develop their maximum potential.
· In most persons in this category may be established organic etiology. Epilepsy, neurological and physical defects are common, but most can to movement in pronstranstvoto alone.
· It is possible to discover and secondary psychiatric conditions, the limited level of speech development makes diagnosis difficult and depends on the information received from the people of the nearby society.
Any associated disorder is coded separately.
F 72 Severe mental retardation
F 72 Severe mental retardation
/ IQ e range of 20 to 34 /
The clinical picture of this group is similar to that of moderate mental retardation with more severe markedness of all deficits. Lower success rates are due to the fact that there are more highly expressed motor disorders. Leading is the improper development or significant damage to the central nervous system.
/ IQ e range of 20 to 34 /
The clinical picture of this group is similar to that of moderate mental retardation with more severe markedness of all deficits. Lower success rates are due to the fact that there are more highly expressed motor disorders. Leading is the improper development or significant damage to the central nervous system.
F 73 deep mental retardation
F 73 deep mental retardation
/ IQ e below 20 /
Their ability to understand and follow instructions and to satisfy their own needs is extremely limited. Very often they are still extremely limited or immobility, unable to control his sphincter / discharge is a smaller and greater need / both day and night. Capable of only very rudimentary forms of nonverbal communication. Their overall condition requires constant care and supervision as fail to comply with even rudimentary self mode.
Severe neurological and other somatic suffering affect motility, commonly found generalized disorders of development and atypical autizum.
/ IQ e below 20 /
Their ability to understand and follow instructions and to satisfy their own needs is extremely limited. Very often they are still extremely limited or immobility, unable to control his sphincter / discharge is a smaller and greater need / both day and night. Capable of only very rudimentary forms of nonverbal communication. Their overall condition requires constant care and supervision as fail to comply with even rudimentary self mode.
Severe neurological and other somatic suffering affect motility, commonly found generalized disorders of development and atypical autizum.
F 78 Other mental retardation
F 78 Other mental retardation
This category is only used when assessing the degree of mental retardation by conventional procedures is particularly difficult or impossible because of accompanying sensory or physical disorders such as blindness, gluhonemota, severe behavior disorder or bodily infirmity.
Disorders of psychological development
These disorders are characterized in that they have the following general events:
1. Start early childhood / baby / or childhood
2. Violation or delay in development of functions that are closely related to biological maturation of the central nervous system
3. Sustainable flow
In most cases damaged functions affecting language, visual-spatial skills and / or motor coordination. This is a partial delay in the development, in which an isolated function or skill is not developed in accordance with the expected rates in the characteristic time with preserved intellectual abilities. With the growth of children breaches progressively reduced, although often remain mild abnormalities in adulthood. Most of these conditions are met several times more common in boys than in girls.
For the development of the disorder is typical to have a family history, although in most cases this impact is paramount.
Etiology in most cases is unknown.
F 80 Specific developmental disorders of speech and language
F 80 Specific developmental disorders of speech and language
These are a group of disorders in which normal patterns of language acquisition are disturbed from the early stages of development.
These conditions are not directly attributable to abnormalities in neurological function or speech apparatus of sensory disorders or mental retardation.
The child can understand and communicate better in certain situations, most often in a familiar environment than in an unfamiliar, but his language skills in both cases are upset.
Slowed down early and talking uptake of speech skills. United in language development is often followed by sensory difficulties in reading and spelling, abnormalities in interpersonal relationships, emotional and behavioral disorders. This requires early and accurate diagnosis that should be performed by specialists / child psychiatrist, clinical psychologist, special education / in order to determine the clinical disorder by:
· Weight
· Conduct
· Type
· Supporting problems
It is essential to pay attention to how it is used speech and language. If abnormal, rather than simply conforming to the on - an early stage of development, or if it involves an abnormal quality traits is likely to be the case for the symptomatic disorder. If you observe and accompanying problems such as disturbances in school skills / most frequent abandonment in reading and spelling. / There may be emotional and / or behavioral disorders.
An important point in determining the disorder is the level of mental development.
Take into account other conditions that may lead to developmental disorders of speech as severe deafness, or other neurological disorders.
These are a group of disorders in which normal patterns of language acquisition are disturbed from the early stages of development.
These conditions are not directly attributable to abnormalities in neurological function or speech apparatus of sensory disorders or mental retardation.
The child can understand and communicate better in certain situations, most often in a familiar environment than in an unfamiliar, but his language skills in both cases are upset.
Slowed down early and talking uptake of speech skills. United in language development is often followed by sensory difficulties in reading and spelling, abnormalities in interpersonal relationships, emotional and behavioral disorders. This requires early and accurate diagnosis that should be performed by specialists / child psychiatrist, clinical psychologist, special education / in order to determine the clinical disorder by:
· Weight
· Conduct
· Type
· Supporting problems
It is essential to pay attention to how it is used speech and language. If abnormal, rather than simply conforming to the on - an early stage of development, or if it involves an abnormal quality traits is likely to be the case for the symptomatic disorder. If you observe and accompanying problems such as disturbances in school skills / most frequent abandonment in reading and spelling. / There may be emotional and / or behavioral disorders.
An important point in determining the disorder is the level of mental development.
Take into account other conditions that may lead to developmental disorders of speech as severe deafness, or other neurological disorders.
age crisis
age crisis
In the course of development of the child passes through the so-called age crises that are normal psychological phenomenon.
Kriza- first age of two to four years. Characterized by the appearance of negativity, opening his own "I" and a tendency towards self-sufficiency.
Kriza- second age of six to seven years. It is connected with the start of school, new requirements, discipline podchinyaemost, duties and responsibilities. Expanded mental horizons, made new patterns of behavior and attitude.
Third age kriza- pubertal crisis, with characteristic signs of puberty.
Most often supporting factors for a favorable outcome of the age crises are:
· Full and functioning family atmosphere of warmth, understanding and support in nearby and wider a surrounding environment
· Nurturing morally - ethical standards of behavior and compliance with generally accepted standards
· Natural way of life, compliance with hygiene standards, arrangements adapted to the age and characteristics of the child
· Targeting hobby, art / sport favored by the child and appropriate for his age sometimes is a factor that allows the child and the parents not only preudolyava crises but also meet important for his future personalities that can positively affect development
· Are important and interactions responsible institutions working with children professionally, to support child development, rather than a formal approach to children's lives
In Bulgaria for the diagnosis of disease was developed by International Classification of Diseases, which was adopted in Alphanumeric coding scheme.
In the course of development of the child passes through the so-called age crises that are normal psychological phenomenon.
Kriza- first age of two to four years. Characterized by the appearance of negativity, opening his own "I" and a tendency towards self-sufficiency.
Kriza- second age of six to seven years. It is connected with the start of school, new requirements, discipline podchinyaemost, duties and responsibilities. Expanded mental horizons, made new patterns of behavior and attitude.
Third age kriza- pubertal crisis, with characteristic signs of puberty.
Most often supporting factors for a favorable outcome of the age crises are:
· Full and functioning family atmosphere of warmth, understanding and support in nearby and wider a surrounding environment
· Nurturing morally - ethical standards of behavior and compliance with generally accepted standards
· Natural way of life, compliance with hygiene standards, arrangements adapted to the age and characteristics of the child
· Targeting hobby, art / sport favored by the child and appropriate for his age sometimes is a factor that allows the child and the parents not only preudolyava crises but also meet important for his future personalities that can positively affect development
· Are important and interactions responsible institutions working with children professionally, to support child development, rather than a formal approach to children's lives
In Bulgaria for the diagnosis of disease was developed by International Classification of Diseases, which was adopted in Alphanumeric coding scheme.
The most common mental disorders in childhood and adolescence / by International Classification of Diseases-X revision adapted for parents /
The most common mental disorders in childhood and adolescence
/ On International Classification of Diseases-X revision adapted for parents /
Characteristic of the child is the dynamic process of growth and development. Development begins before conception. Prospective parents the child receives the genetic material and the environment in which the development will proceed intrauterine life to achieve psychosocial maturity and autonomy. The family in which the child will appear largely determine its fate to whether pregnancy is desired, planned or not. System family is the basic structure for determining a child's development. The mother is a carrier of love and trust, the father is a carrier of social prestige and protection, subject to indifikatsiya boys. Institutional care without family has a very negative impact on the development of each child. Children in an institution subject to a series deprivation and loss in emotional and social aspect. Lack of warm sole emotional connection and lack of social patterns have a significant percentage of mental retardation and lasting emotional disorders and hampered socialization into adulthood. The child is a dynamic structure and can carry in themselves the prospect of development. It will happen tomorrow in knowing more may autonomously if all zaedno- parents and professionals take care of it. What today is nepreudolimo and unsolvable, tomorrow can be overcome as long as you know the factors that affect development.
We shall briefly the stages of child development and the factors that could disrupt it.
Periods in child development
During this period, forming a fetal organogenesis and tissue differentiation
Determinants that influence are:
· Genetic: hereditary material that the child receives from his parents.
· External biological These are infeksii, intoxications, malnutrition, injuries and other biological reasons that can cause damage to the mother and fetus.
The most common consequences of the adverse impact of these factors are mental immaturity in children, among other organ or neurological damage.
Second stage: infancy
Includes the first year of life.
Plays a key role relationship between mother and child. Them connect them not only about physical care action, but intensive processes of emotional relationships: cross-smile of three months, the pleasant sensation of skin contact, body heat, the pleasure of sucking during karmeneto.Kam sixth month the child knows the image of mother and sits at the end of the first year are the first words toddler.
Stage: Infancy
Includes age of one to three years
Mastery of walking, a strong attachment to mother and fear when removed from it. Mastery of speech, knows about a hundred words. The second year makes short sentences and understands a lot of environmental reality. Talk about himself in the third person knows himself in the mirror, likes to have.
Fourth stage: pre-school
The child is aged three to six years
Indifikatsiya process starts with the parent of the same sex. Aware of the difference between the sexes. Appear differentiated feelings as shame, guilt. Fortified fantasy that finds expression in the gaming business and the willingness to listen to stories. Child constantly asking questions. Has an idea of death, which is the basis for the experience of anxiety. This is the age of the questions: "What is it?" / Knowledge / "Why is that?" / Search causality /.
Fifth stage: Early school age
The child is aged 7 to 11 years
The child goes to school, which was a turning point in its development. For the first time there are serious commitments necessary to comply with order and discipline in chas.Vnimanieto not yet strong enough. Developed specifically-shaped memory. Creative imagination manifests itself in inventing stories, drawing and games.
Sixth stage: Middle school age
The child is aged 7 to 12 years
Begins puberitetnoto development. This is an important period of life and of itself is a normal and necessary critical period of life. Characterized by hormonal changes. Child maturing body, social and psychological. Child sometimes kept to himself, his inner life becomes much more intense, often does not recognize parental authority. Sense of justice and freedom are manifested with particular force. Relationship with peers replaces proximity to roditelite.Detsata like to argue, defend, defend yourself, try the possible limits. Sexual life conquered consciousness sexual desires are expressed in night nocturnal emission and masturbation.
Seventh stage: Upper school age
The child is aged 12 to 18 years
Children's interests are directed towards izvanuchishtni activities are facing society. Children develop a sense of altruism, kept the friendship and love. Indulge in hobbies and career choices. Under strict control by parents confront them.
/ On International Classification of Diseases-X revision adapted for parents /
Characteristic of the child is the dynamic process of growth and development. Development begins before conception. Prospective parents the child receives the genetic material and the environment in which the development will proceed intrauterine life to achieve psychosocial maturity and autonomy. The family in which the child will appear largely determine its fate to whether pregnancy is desired, planned or not. System family is the basic structure for determining a child's development. The mother is a carrier of love and trust, the father is a carrier of social prestige and protection, subject to indifikatsiya boys. Institutional care without family has a very negative impact on the development of each child. Children in an institution subject to a series deprivation and loss in emotional and social aspect. Lack of warm sole emotional connection and lack of social patterns have a significant percentage of mental retardation and lasting emotional disorders and hampered socialization into adulthood. The child is a dynamic structure and can carry in themselves the prospect of development. It will happen tomorrow in knowing more may autonomously if all zaedno- parents and professionals take care of it. What today is nepreudolimo and unsolvable, tomorrow can be overcome as long as you know the factors that affect development.
We shall briefly the stages of child development and the factors that could disrupt it.
Periods in child development
During this period, forming a fetal organogenesis and tissue differentiation
Determinants that influence are:
· Genetic: hereditary material that the child receives from his parents.
· External biological These are infeksii, intoxications, malnutrition, injuries and other biological reasons that can cause damage to the mother and fetus.
The most common consequences of the adverse impact of these factors are mental immaturity in children, among other organ or neurological damage.
Second stage: infancy
Includes the first year of life.
Plays a key role relationship between mother and child. Them connect them not only about physical care action, but intensive processes of emotional relationships: cross-smile of three months, the pleasant sensation of skin contact, body heat, the pleasure of sucking during karmeneto.Kam sixth month the child knows the image of mother and sits at the end of the first year are the first words toddler.
Stage: Infancy
Includes age of one to three years
Mastery of walking, a strong attachment to mother and fear when removed from it. Mastery of speech, knows about a hundred words. The second year makes short sentences and understands a lot of environmental reality. Talk about himself in the third person knows himself in the mirror, likes to have.
Fourth stage: pre-school
The child is aged three to six years
Indifikatsiya process starts with the parent of the same sex. Aware of the difference between the sexes. Appear differentiated feelings as shame, guilt. Fortified fantasy that finds expression in the gaming business and the willingness to listen to stories. Child constantly asking questions. Has an idea of death, which is the basis for the experience of anxiety. This is the age of the questions: "What is it?" / Knowledge / "Why is that?" / Search causality /.
Fifth stage: Early school age
The child is aged 7 to 11 years
The child goes to school, which was a turning point in its development. For the first time there are serious commitments necessary to comply with order and discipline in chas.Vnimanieto not yet strong enough. Developed specifically-shaped memory. Creative imagination manifests itself in inventing stories, drawing and games.
Sixth stage: Middle school age
The child is aged 7 to 12 years
Begins puberitetnoto development. This is an important period of life and of itself is a normal and necessary critical period of life. Characterized by hormonal changes. Child maturing body, social and psychological. Child sometimes kept to himself, his inner life becomes much more intense, often does not recognize parental authority. Sense of justice and freedom are manifested with particular force. Relationship with peers replaces proximity to roditelite.Detsata like to argue, defend, defend yourself, try the possible limits. Sexual life conquered consciousness sexual desires are expressed in night nocturnal emission and masturbation.
Seventh stage: Upper school age
The child is aged 12 to 18 years
Children's interests are directed towards izvanuchishtni activities are facing society. Children develop a sense of altruism, kept the friendship and love. Indulge in hobbies and career choices. Under strict control by parents confront them.
mental retardation
mental retardation
Mental retardation is a condition of arrested or incomplete development of intelligence, characterized by disorders funadamentalnite skills, namely:
· Cognitive / cognitive / and speech;
· Engine;
· Social;
Which affects the overall performance of the individual.
It can be combined, but may not be combined with others, and / or physical disorders. The incidence of other psychiatric disorders in mentally retarded persons is four times higher than in the general population.
Mentally retarded persons are at higher risk of exploitation, abuse, physical and / or sexual abuse.
Intelligence is a complex feature and it is estimated on the basis of a variety of fundamental and specific skills.
Can be severe disturbances in individual areas and at the same time there are areas with a well-developed skills.
Assessment of intellectual level is a serious and responsible task, which is based on all available information about the person including clinical results, adaptability of behavior considered and consistent with the cultural environment and the results of psychometric tests, consistent with age.
For reliable diagnosis should be a reduced level of intellectual functioning, leading to reduced capacity to adapt to the daily demands of the social environment. Accompanying mental or physical disorders affecting the clinical picture and the ability to use existing potential with information about. Evaluated global capabilities, not specific violations in various areas. Administered IQ tests and determination of IQ IQ must be based on standardized and adapted to the cultural norms requirements. Scales of social maturity and adaptation to Bulgarian standardized conditions should be completed by interviewing the parent / failing that, another person who takes care of everyday life and is familiar with the possibilities of research /.
In the normal course of thought-the memory processes IQ / IQ / should be more than 70 points.
Mental retardation is a condition of arrested or incomplete development of intelligence, characterized by disorders funadamentalnite skills, namely:
· Cognitive / cognitive / and speech;
· Engine;
· Social;
Which affects the overall performance of the individual.
It can be combined, but may not be combined with others, and / or physical disorders. The incidence of other psychiatric disorders in mentally retarded persons is four times higher than in the general population.
Mentally retarded persons are at higher risk of exploitation, abuse, physical and / or sexual abuse.
Intelligence is a complex feature and it is estimated on the basis of a variety of fundamental and specific skills.
Can be severe disturbances in individual areas and at the same time there are areas with a well-developed skills.
Assessment of intellectual level is a serious and responsible task, which is based on all available information about the person including clinical results, adaptability of behavior considered and consistent with the cultural environment and the results of psychometric tests, consistent with age.
For reliable diagnosis should be a reduced level of intellectual functioning, leading to reduced capacity to adapt to the daily demands of the social environment. Accompanying mental or physical disorders affecting the clinical picture and the ability to use existing potential with information about. Evaluated global capabilities, not specific violations in various areas. Administered IQ tests and determination of IQ IQ must be based on standardized and adapted to the cultural norms requirements. Scales of social maturity and adaptation to Bulgarian standardized conditions should be completed by interviewing the parent / failing that, another person who takes care of everyday life and is familiar with the possibilities of research /.
In the normal course of thought-the memory processes IQ / IQ / should be more than 70 points.
Empathy and validation in communicating with people with disabilities-fifth
Basic principles and psychiatric rehabilitation approaches that are developed and implemented in the world practice, are fully applicable to the mentally ill and people with disabilities. M. Kabanov in dealing with mentally ill individuals, the following principles
1. Partnership
2. multifaceted impact
3. unity of biological and psychosocial methods
4. grading of events
It is the principle of compensation and correction of deficiencies in psychophysical development of the sick persons.
Stages of rehabilitation, p; advanced by M. Kabanov, three and have the following sequence
1. Restorative Therapy
2. rehabilitation
3. Rehabilitation in the direct sense.
The first stage outlines the implementation of the biological / mostly drug and physiotherapy / methods of impact.
Important are the psychological and psychotherapeutic methods of impact.
Rehabilitation goals adaptation of persons with abnormal development to the requirements of the external environment, but in the conditions imposed by the disease. Here significant attention is paid to work on communication skills, life in nearby society, use of leisure time for the public benefit. Socialist. Rehabilitation is based on socialism. events with a wide range, between which are preparing for work / occupational therapy through other types of training such as socio-psychological training / family life, active and adequate sots.izyava and others.
Modern theoretical identify the main areas of rehabilitation of sick and disabled people in different areas of socialism. Life and differentiate them provisionally as psychological, educational, family, occupational and labor, public and free time.
Rehabilitation itself is revealed in the content and methods of 'educational practice' / best results are given in children /, which is aimed at:
1. Parenting behavior
2. Emotional education
3. moral education
4. Legal Education
5. Domestic education
6. labor-Profesinalno education
In conclusion I can say that mental illness in the strict sense of the word in 98% differ quantitatively from the norm.
You have to distinguish between the accentuation of character and mental illness. Usually they go into mental illness, but this is not always possible, especially when timely intervention of a psychologist.
I also want to note that in the psychological literature, there is the term "good" or "bad" person. "Bad" is actually one man with a problem.
Caregivers should be directed so that at one point the person with a disability to acquire the ability to cope independently with different problems, like our aspiration to be directed to the support and commitment, but not a permanent crutch emotsionalnna.
author; Nelly Pentcheva
1. Partnership
2. multifaceted impact
3. unity of biological and psychosocial methods
4. grading of events
It is the principle of compensation and correction of deficiencies in psychophysical development of the sick persons.
Stages of rehabilitation, p; advanced by M. Kabanov, three and have the following sequence
1. Restorative Therapy
2. rehabilitation
3. Rehabilitation in the direct sense.
The first stage outlines the implementation of the biological / mostly drug and physiotherapy / methods of impact.
Important are the psychological and psychotherapeutic methods of impact.
Rehabilitation goals adaptation of persons with abnormal development to the requirements of the external environment, but in the conditions imposed by the disease. Here significant attention is paid to work on communication skills, life in nearby society, use of leisure time for the public benefit. Socialist. Rehabilitation is based on socialism. events with a wide range, between which are preparing for work / occupational therapy through other types of training such as socio-psychological training / family life, active and adequate sots.izyava and others.
Modern theoretical identify the main areas of rehabilitation of sick and disabled people in different areas of socialism. Life and differentiate them provisionally as psychological, educational, family, occupational and labor, public and free time.
Rehabilitation itself is revealed in the content and methods of 'educational practice' / best results are given in children /, which is aimed at:
1. Parenting behavior
2. Emotional education
3. moral education
4. Legal Education
5. Domestic education
6. labor-Profesinalno education
In conclusion I can say that mental illness in the strict sense of the word in 98% differ quantitatively from the norm.
You have to distinguish between the accentuation of character and mental illness. Usually they go into mental illness, but this is not always possible, especially when timely intervention of a psychologist.
I also want to note that in the psychological literature, there is the term "good" or "bad" person. "Bad" is actually one man with a problem.
Caregivers should be directed so that at one point the person with a disability to acquire the ability to cope independently with different problems, like our aspiration to be directed to the support and commitment, but not a permanent crutch emotsionalnna.
author; Nelly Pentcheva
Empathy and validation in communicating with people with disabilities-Part Four
Term that deserves to be discussed is that compensation, which means balancing shortage. This often unconscious psychological process consists in the replacement of real or perceived lack or shortage by secondary behaviors that sometimes well-oriented reality. A typical example is the famous theorist in the field of psychology Karen Horney, who claimed for themselves that since it is not beauty, will become pundits. It is the man who developed the theory of compensation and leave a lasting impression in the science of psychology.
Compensation may be exercised and plan vaorazhaemoto: occur so neurotic and subjects with delusions that mentally experiencing unprecedented feats or are considered extraordinary personalities to hide their failure in social life.
Compensation in respect of persons with disabilities is through the correction / repair, improvement, smoothing /.
Are also used terms correctional - educational impact or correctional developing work.
Correction underlies social rehabilitation. The generality of this principle is evident from the fact that the adjustment of the primary defect caused by variations in secondary mental / personality / development of a certain category of persons is both a basic pattern, nature, content, purpose and set of tasks of rehabilitation.
Purpose and objectives of the correction work include overcoming sotsialnopsihichnite abnormalities in people with disabilities, best results are achieved in children. In subjects over 45 years is typical regidnostta / rigid in their views, attitudes, perceptions, etc. / and the work is difficult, even if the results may become impossible.
Some of the tasks of the adjustment:
1. Profelatika development contained in the creation of conditions preventing its further more deviations and distortions in development.
2. Correction of improper external experts present, knowledge, habits, habits / two concepts are not edentichni / skills, values, personality traits and more. Overcome is available variations inherent in the type uvredenost.
3. Correction of higher mental processes and functions of the emotional-volitional characteristics and social traits of people with disabilities.
4. Development and proper formation of the personality by establishing adequate moral, behavioral, occupational and other habits and skills, as well as education of citizenship and appropriate lifestyle.
Means of correction work with people with disabilities should be consistent with the type of damage.
It is known that the correction of the damaged functions leads to positive physiological changes and consequent beneficial effect on the primary defect and processes span multiple neurophysiological, neuropsychatric and psychological mechanisms. Through these systematic correction effects create conditions for the organization and development of higher mental functions, which reflects positively on the basic physiological and psychological functions of the CNS. Intense activity of the nervous system determines / suggests / creation of many important contingent connections, relationships and modes, and this is a condition for the activation and the cycle of damaged areas in its purposeful activity. Conditions arise diminizirane of nerve processes in damaged or underdeveloped units of the nervous system, which constantly excite and develop neural cells and carry out their functional specialization. So external corrective action acquires biological sense and is fixed to the phenomena of biological adjustment.
In case of damage in the central nervous system activity or analysts sometimes seen psevdokopensatsiya. It is a pathologically driven responses that are fixed, stabilized and expressed themselves in case of adaptive difficulties. These are primarily neurotic, characterological and behavioral reactions, inadequate in a case, but occurring spontaneously occurring without proper control. It is possible the development of decompensation or return to functioning observed prior to compensation.
Compensatory processes depend on a number of conditions and these are quantitative-qualitative characteristics of damaged Structure and functions, the degree of deformation, the reserve capacity of the system, the individual characteristics of the higher nervous activity, the age in which they are incurred dysfunction, the level of psychophysical development, attitude to disability and education, socialist. position of socialist activity. relations form the core business and others.
Is an original approach in determining the substantive aspects of rehabilitation in cases where abnormalities in the development of the individual are the result of mental illness. They are carriers of a number of features, the most important of which are expressed in the overall personality change and in violation of its links and relations in society. Naturally, the rehabilitation of the mentally ill contains is realized by medical and social events, but its main goal is socialist. Embed individual commensurate with, conditioned by his state of health. Depending on the nature of the disease process and the significance of its impact on the individual, socialist. Rehabilitation is carried out as a necessity in some of its following aspects - resocialization, labor-professional rehabilitation, socialist. Integration.
Despite the diversity of disease processes and their somatic manifestations, despite the complex pathological picture of the different types of inappropriate development here clearly outlines a common feature - socialist. Inadequacy, ineptitude or alienation of the mentally ill and some people with disabilities as a result of its failure can not make a corresponding sots.iziskvaniya reflective capabilities and social position. Sometimes deviations in development are also expressed relief that the lives of the mentally ill in the natural conditions of the society is significantly difficult or impossible. Therefore, these cases require underlined social focus on rehabilitation effect
Author: Nelly Pentcheva
Compensation may be exercised and plan vaorazhaemoto: occur so neurotic and subjects with delusions that mentally experiencing unprecedented feats or are considered extraordinary personalities to hide their failure in social life.
Compensation in respect of persons with disabilities is through the correction / repair, improvement, smoothing /.
Are also used terms correctional - educational impact or correctional developing work.
Correction underlies social rehabilitation. The generality of this principle is evident from the fact that the adjustment of the primary defect caused by variations in secondary mental / personality / development of a certain category of persons is both a basic pattern, nature, content, purpose and set of tasks of rehabilitation.
Purpose and objectives of the correction work include overcoming sotsialnopsihichnite abnormalities in people with disabilities, best results are achieved in children. In subjects over 45 years is typical regidnostta / rigid in their views, attitudes, perceptions, etc. / and the work is difficult, even if the results may become impossible.
Some of the tasks of the adjustment:
1. Profelatika development contained in the creation of conditions preventing its further more deviations and distortions in development.
2. Correction of improper external experts present, knowledge, habits, habits / two concepts are not edentichni / skills, values, personality traits and more. Overcome is available variations inherent in the type uvredenost.
3. Correction of higher mental processes and functions of the emotional-volitional characteristics and social traits of people with disabilities.
4. Development and proper formation of the personality by establishing adequate moral, behavioral, occupational and other habits and skills, as well as education of citizenship and appropriate lifestyle.
Means of correction work with people with disabilities should be consistent with the type of damage.
It is known that the correction of the damaged functions leads to positive physiological changes and consequent beneficial effect on the primary defect and processes span multiple neurophysiological, neuropsychatric and psychological mechanisms. Through these systematic correction effects create conditions for the organization and development of higher mental functions, which reflects positively on the basic physiological and psychological functions of the CNS. Intense activity of the nervous system determines / suggests / creation of many important contingent connections, relationships and modes, and this is a condition for the activation and the cycle of damaged areas in its purposeful activity. Conditions arise diminizirane of nerve processes in damaged or underdeveloped units of the nervous system, which constantly excite and develop neural cells and carry out their functional specialization. So external corrective action acquires biological sense and is fixed to the phenomena of biological adjustment.
In case of damage in the central nervous system activity or analysts sometimes seen psevdokopensatsiya. It is a pathologically driven responses that are fixed, stabilized and expressed themselves in case of adaptive difficulties. These are primarily neurotic, characterological and behavioral reactions, inadequate in a case, but occurring spontaneously occurring without proper control. It is possible the development of decompensation or return to functioning observed prior to compensation.
Compensatory processes depend on a number of conditions and these are quantitative-qualitative characteristics of damaged Structure and functions, the degree of deformation, the reserve capacity of the system, the individual characteristics of the higher nervous activity, the age in which they are incurred dysfunction, the level of psychophysical development, attitude to disability and education, socialist. position of socialist activity. relations form the core business and others.
Is an original approach in determining the substantive aspects of rehabilitation in cases where abnormalities in the development of the individual are the result of mental illness. They are carriers of a number of features, the most important of which are expressed in the overall personality change and in violation of its links and relations in society. Naturally, the rehabilitation of the mentally ill contains is realized by medical and social events, but its main goal is socialist. Embed individual commensurate with, conditioned by his state of health. Depending on the nature of the disease process and the significance of its impact on the individual, socialist. Rehabilitation is carried out as a necessity in some of its following aspects - resocialization, labor-professional rehabilitation, socialist. Integration.
Despite the diversity of disease processes and their somatic manifestations, despite the complex pathological picture of the different types of inappropriate development here clearly outlines a common feature - socialist. Inadequacy, ineptitude or alienation of the mentally ill and some people with disabilities as a result of its failure can not make a corresponding sots.iziskvaniya reflective capabilities and social position. Sometimes deviations in development are also expressed relief that the lives of the mentally ill in the natural conditions of the society is significantly difficult or impossible. Therefore, these cases require underlined social focus on rehabilitation effect
Author: Nelly Pentcheva
Empathy and validation in communicating with people with disabilities-Part Three
Concrete and specific social relations that are demanded of us object of communication and validation of people with disabilities find exactly the content and forms of communication. But this is communication, which organizes / directs stimulates / absorption of culture obshtestvoto- cognitive, emotional, social and others, presented as a psychological and social phenomena with emotional character. These relationships assist people with disabilities in their socialization in shaping the feelings / emotions unlike the feelings are stronger mental experiences that last a long time / necessary in their collaboration with other people and that increase the effectiveness of communication by creating emotional background with a positive meaning and practice different activities and social interactions, which also involves the transmission and utilization of experience and culture in terms of the emotional-volitional favorable climate. These two aspects of communication are updated through several basic techniques of influence / interaction / suggestion infection / initiation / belief, imitation, support, guidance, etc. Due to the fact that these processes unfold in people with disabilities in the field of socialism. Their capabilities and skills of some of them, except they will have instructional and compensatory, corrective and evolutionary significance. The relations / interaction / between social individuals that occur in a specially organized / "pedagogical" in nature / environment and managed / directed / merging the forms of communication with pedagogical forms of communication. The factors that determine the methods and techniques of influence and interaction are mainly age, sex, and temperamental determeniranite biological characteristics and specificities and very damaging.
Another problem area for people with disabilities, which applies to able-bodied people are complex. The complex is a combination of unconscious aspirations that determines the attitudes, behavior, dreams, etc. For many people the content of this concept remains unclear. Some think that it is an internal conflict that opposes the moral consciousness of sexual and aggressive instincts, others- that is caused by the strong shock of a sexual nature. Almost all believe that this is a morbid phenomenon. But this is not so. In psychoanalytic terminology that word means a combination of individual traits, desires, emotions, feelings, conflicting affective attitudes that practically always unconscious, and it is all organized in a structure which is part of the personality.
With regard to people with disabilities primary defect formed secondary complex of failure, which is most pronounced in the cognitive sphere of personality. Here it usually is a different depth levels of narushenost intellect or his toolbox / use /. The limited cognitive capacity usually leads to a significant decrease in cognitive activity of the disabled person or to its partial development and redirection / concentration / to more inaccessible areas of activity and knowledge. It is characterized by reduced activity provided Sredov and dwindling time opportunities for learning and development of their cognitive activity. As a result of the disease, problems in activity and in the early stages of development occurs partly delay in the formation of cognition and experience. In this sense, early professional intervention for children with disabilities is particularly important
Author: Nelly Pentcheva
Another problem area for people with disabilities, which applies to able-bodied people are complex. The complex is a combination of unconscious aspirations that determines the attitudes, behavior, dreams, etc. For many people the content of this concept remains unclear. Some think that it is an internal conflict that opposes the moral consciousness of sexual and aggressive instincts, others- that is caused by the strong shock of a sexual nature. Almost all believe that this is a morbid phenomenon. But this is not so. In psychoanalytic terminology that word means a combination of individual traits, desires, emotions, feelings, conflicting affective attitudes that practically always unconscious, and it is all organized in a structure which is part of the personality.
With regard to people with disabilities primary defect formed secondary complex of failure, which is most pronounced in the cognitive sphere of personality. Here it usually is a different depth levels of narushenost intellect or his toolbox / use /. The limited cognitive capacity usually leads to a significant decrease in cognitive activity of the disabled person or to its partial development and redirection / concentration / to more inaccessible areas of activity and knowledge. It is characterized by reduced activity provided Sredov and dwindling time opportunities for learning and development of their cognitive activity. As a result of the disease, problems in activity and in the early stages of development occurs partly delay in the formation of cognition and experience. In this sense, early professional intervention for children with disabilities is particularly important
Author: Nelly Pentcheva
Empathy and validation in communicating people with physical disabilities-Part Two
Philosophers and social theorists have long accepted that the test of empathy leads to greater support and even altruism / give without expecting reward. Altruism is a form of selfishness, because no man can escape the ego ie Self. Self is what makes man /. If parents have a warm relationship with their children and pay attention to the consequences of their behavior on others' welfare, children are more likely to relate well to others than when these conditions are absent.
On the other hand, the situations in which aid to suffering another person is not easy, and even impossible, empathize may try to avoid the unpleasant feeling either physically or psychologically as a "freeze" ie remains indifferent. If the pain of the other is extremely high or he exhibits strong agony empathize one can escape physical or psychological situation. This escape from the cause unpleasant feelings of empathy test is less likely to occur if a person does not just feel empathy, but also sympathetic to the other, ie reported that feels emotionally instigated to help the other, that compassion, sympathy and warmth. Such empathy / sympathy was separated from empathy, which, as otpredelena above is limited to the testing of the same type of emotion as the other person. At least some studies show that the final form of empathy does not lead to altruism. Regardless of which approach is adopted to empathy, samootchetite show higher results in women than in men, ie. women are more empathic than men.
Particularly in terms of empathy and care for people with disabilities in philosophy, socialism. Psychology, and other sotsiollogiyata is customary to believe that social relations to which it relates and empathy are the product and form of communication. Its various functions belong: communication is a tool for development of human nature, foktor for "becoming" human condition to human determinanator behavior and joint action, a way of existence of the human community.
Often communication is otpredelya as "complex and multifaceted process of social / information and slides / human interaction.
The nature of relations in the process of communication is determined by two types of the contents and emotional business. Emotional-volitional forms of communication / in leading significance of emotions / suggest both positive and negative relations between which are compassion, solidarity, commitment, support, suggestion, rejection, tension, antagonism, conflict, etc. Business forms suggest prelozhenie, discussion, opinion, information, support, request for information and opinion and more. Updated in these and other forms of social relations / communication as / reflect its nature, content and result output.
On the other hand, the situations in which aid to suffering another person is not easy, and even impossible, empathize may try to avoid the unpleasant feeling either physically or psychologically as a "freeze" ie remains indifferent. If the pain of the other is extremely high or he exhibits strong agony empathize one can escape physical or psychological situation. This escape from the cause unpleasant feelings of empathy test is less likely to occur if a person does not just feel empathy, but also sympathetic to the other, ie reported that feels emotionally instigated to help the other, that compassion, sympathy and warmth. Such empathy / sympathy was separated from empathy, which, as otpredelena above is limited to the testing of the same type of emotion as the other person. At least some studies show that the final form of empathy does not lead to altruism. Regardless of which approach is adopted to empathy, samootchetite show higher results in women than in men, ie. women are more empathic than men.
Particularly in terms of empathy and care for people with disabilities in philosophy, socialism. Psychology, and other sotsiollogiyata is customary to believe that social relations to which it relates and empathy are the product and form of communication. Its various functions belong: communication is a tool for development of human nature, foktor for "becoming" human condition to human determinanator behavior and joint action, a way of existence of the human community.
Often communication is otpredelya as "complex and multifaceted process of social / information and slides / human interaction.
The nature of relations in the process of communication is determined by two types of the contents and emotional business. Emotional-volitional forms of communication / in leading significance of emotions / suggest both positive and negative relations between which are compassion, solidarity, commitment, support, suggestion, rejection, tension, antagonism, conflict, etc. Business forms suggest prelozhenie, discussion, opinion, information, support, request for information and opinion and more. Updated in these and other forms of social relations / communication as / reflect its nature, content and result output.
Empathy and validation in the communication of people with physical disabilities-Part
Empathy and validation in the communication of people with physical disabilities
Empathy means empathy, emotional communication by man. Saprizhivyavane feelings, perceptions and thoughts of the other. Some psychologists and philosophers believe that empathy is the basis of all positive social relationships. Aside from the earliest childhood in communicating with the child's mother. Mother intuitively perceived needs and feelings of her baby, which is connected. This ability is related to the fact that initially the child is related to his mother. It explains why even very young children are aware of the concerns, anxiety and joy of their parents. Empathy is the foundation of the process of indifikatsiya / identification / with the parent of the same sex and the psychological understanding of the other. Clinical psychologists tend to define the term empathy more widely, including intektualnoto understanding / pridimno refers to therapists, psychologists / sharing feelings, the ease and effectiveness of communication and positive attitude of the therapist to the client. Although this definition seems attractive it leads to confusion. To be therapeutically targeted empathy should "be well-balanced."
The term has cognitive / cognitive / aspect that includes the person's ability to understand intellectually the internal experience of the other. The importance of cognitive empathy probably assisted communication mezhdu two. In concept includes that person who feels empathy will be more inclined to like and accept other help as a result of this empathy.
Third approach to empathy defines it as the experience of an emotion by the test empathy, because he sees that the other feels this emotion. Some development-oriented theorists maintain that such direct / in my opinion should not directly, since according to children's yunoshskata psychology of children must be given reliable information in an appropriate manner consistent with the child's age. / Sharing of feelings between parent and young child is the key step in the process of maturation.
Key prior condition for empathy is empathize to present itself as having the same experience, whatever else, thus imagine that assumes the role of the other. This mental process contrasts with consideration of other more or less objectified intellectualization ways.
This approach to empathy overlap with cognitive-oriented approach that is based on kognivniya or mental process of perception. This cognitive process does not necessarily correspond to the actual, so people can empathize and to actor or fictional character. People feel more empathy for others in the same situation that empathize survived, watched closely or imagined before that through.
One can be brought to trial empathy of any information or stimulus, providing some basis to draw conclusions about the state of the other, whether that information consists of knowledge about the situation in which the other person, perception of facial expressions or body movements, verbal statements / explanations by words /.
Author: Nelly Pentcheva
Empathy means empathy, emotional communication by man. Saprizhivyavane feelings, perceptions and thoughts of the other. Some psychologists and philosophers believe that empathy is the basis of all positive social relationships. Aside from the earliest childhood in communicating with the child's mother. Mother intuitively perceived needs and feelings of her baby, which is connected. This ability is related to the fact that initially the child is related to his mother. It explains why even very young children are aware of the concerns, anxiety and joy of their parents. Empathy is the foundation of the process of indifikatsiya / identification / with the parent of the same sex and the psychological understanding of the other. Clinical psychologists tend to define the term empathy more widely, including intektualnoto understanding / pridimno refers to therapists, psychologists / sharing feelings, the ease and effectiveness of communication and positive attitude of the therapist to the client. Although this definition seems attractive it leads to confusion. To be therapeutically targeted empathy should "be well-balanced."
The term has cognitive / cognitive / aspect that includes the person's ability to understand intellectually the internal experience of the other. The importance of cognitive empathy probably assisted communication mezhdu two. In concept includes that person who feels empathy will be more inclined to like and accept other help as a result of this empathy.
Third approach to empathy defines it as the experience of an emotion by the test empathy, because he sees that the other feels this emotion. Some development-oriented theorists maintain that such direct / in my opinion should not directly, since according to children's yunoshskata psychology of children must be given reliable information in an appropriate manner consistent with the child's age. / Sharing of feelings between parent and young child is the key step in the process of maturation.
Key prior condition for empathy is empathize to present itself as having the same experience, whatever else, thus imagine that assumes the role of the other. This mental process contrasts with consideration of other more or less objectified intellectualization ways.
This approach to empathy overlap with cognitive-oriented approach that is based on kognivniya or mental process of perception. This cognitive process does not necessarily correspond to the actual, so people can empathize and to actor or fictional character. People feel more empathy for others in the same situation that empathize survived, watched closely or imagined before that through.
One can be brought to trial empathy of any information or stimulus, providing some basis to draw conclusions about the state of the other, whether that information consists of knowledge about the situation in which the other person, perception of facial expressions or body movements, verbal statements / explanations by words /.
Author: Nelly Pentcheva
петък, 7 ноември 2014 г.
Bulimia causes of disease and treatment-Part Six
Bulimia may lead to a significant loss of weight (although not always). If vomiting are frequent, it will dehydrate the body will weaken and paralyze. Patients usually fall into depression, and sometimes suicide.
What are the main signs of bulimia?
depression, guilt and hatred of himself;
feeling of lack of self-control;
unduly strict self-criticism;
constant need for approval from others of the performed actions;
distorted picture of the rate of its own weight.
Heavy bulimia requiring inpatient treatment are typical:
fluctuations in body weight (5-10 kg up and down);
chronic irritation of the throat;
fatigue and muscle pain;
shedding of the teeth;
swelling of the parotid gland.
How to treat bulimia?
You should know that the sooner treatment is started, the more effective and cheaper it is - you can get away with only qualified psychotherapy.
The best results given the combination of psychotherapy (individual and family) dietary management and medication.
Specialised treatment is essential as the disease requires not only physical but also psychological support. This treatment involves the monitoring and regulation of food habits and health counseling or psychotherapy.
In general, treatment should aim to restore inner balance in the patient, which will allow him to achieve optimal control of their behavior. Because bulimia is triggered due to some internal failure, some frustration, that lack, that frustration has to be filled. The patient should feel the full support and commitment from their relatives / especially his partner /. He needs their unconditional love and you get it. This is the most important condition for the successful treatment of bulimia.
What are the main signs of bulimia?
depression, guilt and hatred of himself;
feeling of lack of self-control;
unduly strict self-criticism;
constant need for approval from others of the performed actions;
distorted picture of the rate of its own weight.
Heavy bulimia requiring inpatient treatment are typical:
fluctuations in body weight (5-10 kg up and down);
chronic irritation of the throat;
fatigue and muscle pain;
shedding of the teeth;
swelling of the parotid gland.
How to treat bulimia?
You should know that the sooner treatment is started, the more effective and cheaper it is - you can get away with only qualified psychotherapy.
The best results given the combination of psychotherapy (individual and family) dietary management and medication.
Specialised treatment is essential as the disease requires not only physical but also psychological support. This treatment involves the monitoring and regulation of food habits and health counseling or psychotherapy.
In general, treatment should aim to restore inner balance in the patient, which will allow him to achieve optimal control of their behavior. Because bulimia is triggered due to some internal failure, some frustration, that lack, that frustration has to be filled. The patient should feel the full support and commitment from their relatives / especially his partner /. He needs their unconditional love and you get it. This is the most important condition for the successful treatment of bulimia.
Bulimia causes of disease and treatment-fifth
lowered self-esteem; life centered on food and their figure; fixation on the need for tax increases drive for food; detachment from the friendly environment; recognition of the existence of hunger; increased sexual activity; need to make hoarding products; tendency to theft of products from refrigerators or in stores.
Initiative study and selection of the necessary treatment of the patient from bulimia must belong to the parents or relatives. Excessive increased appetite needed psychological counseling, endocrinologist, gastroenterologist, psihonevrolog and geneticist. The earlier detect the cause of bulimia, the higher is the effectiveness of the treatment. In no case should be promoted resorting to magic / magic / miraculous means burning fat and preparations for weight loss. Only a doctor can assess the patient's condition and give Recommendations for the treatment of specific dietary supplements.
People suffering from bulimia need primarily sensitive attitude! They feel deeply unhappy and confused. They experience depression, anxiety and complex for their own bankruptcy. Therefore psychotherapeutic correction is carried out long and gradual.
The most common cause for this disorder is depression. State of apathy, despair often offset by too greedily and uncontrolled eating, as patients absorb very high carb food, sweets. Favorites for bulimitsite are ice cream, candy, desserts, creams that are highly sweetened. When you get into bulimia crisis, some women can swallow over 3000 calories for two hours, then began to torture diets appears to be frustration, even despair weak will to avoid crises. We already said that the obsession with elegance can also be the cause of bulimia, although most infected women are not very thick as find a way to dispose of a large amount of food.
In what may be recognized bulimia? Primarily in uncontrolled nutrition, overuse of diuretics and laxatives medicines. Often appear swollen lymph glands in the neck, seemingly unnecessarily bloating, swelling of the stomach, constipation. In more severe cases, to reach the vomiting of blood fluid, dehydration, liver disease and kidney. The end result can be a severe heart failure.
It has been shown that many anorexics eventually develop bulimia. A new disease-related nutrition problems occur in the foreseeable time. Ortoreksiyata nervous obsession with healthy lifestyle. Although relatively new and poorly studied this disease now covers socially significant parts of the population, not only in the US and Europe, but also in our country.
In practice it turns out that anorexia, bulimia and ortoreksiyata closing a vicious circle from which exit is impossible without skilled care.
Bulimia is a disease in which attacks of ravenous eating followed by self-enforced vomiting often done in secret. Most common among women between 15 and 30 years old and suffering from anorexia as they obsessive fear of weight gain, which actually causes vomiting. Some patients use laxatives means to quickly throw food.
Initiative study and selection of the necessary treatment of the patient from bulimia must belong to the parents or relatives. Excessive increased appetite needed psychological counseling, endocrinologist, gastroenterologist, psihonevrolog and geneticist. The earlier detect the cause of bulimia, the higher is the effectiveness of the treatment. In no case should be promoted resorting to magic / magic / miraculous means burning fat and preparations for weight loss. Only a doctor can assess the patient's condition and give Recommendations for the treatment of specific dietary supplements.
People suffering from bulimia need primarily sensitive attitude! They feel deeply unhappy and confused. They experience depression, anxiety and complex for their own bankruptcy. Therefore psychotherapeutic correction is carried out long and gradual.
The most common cause for this disorder is depression. State of apathy, despair often offset by too greedily and uncontrolled eating, as patients absorb very high carb food, sweets. Favorites for bulimitsite are ice cream, candy, desserts, creams that are highly sweetened. When you get into bulimia crisis, some women can swallow over 3000 calories for two hours, then began to torture diets appears to be frustration, even despair weak will to avoid crises. We already said that the obsession with elegance can also be the cause of bulimia, although most infected women are not very thick as find a way to dispose of a large amount of food.
In what may be recognized bulimia? Primarily in uncontrolled nutrition, overuse of diuretics and laxatives medicines. Often appear swollen lymph glands in the neck, seemingly unnecessarily bloating, swelling of the stomach, constipation. In more severe cases, to reach the vomiting of blood fluid, dehydration, liver disease and kidney. The end result can be a severe heart failure.
It has been shown that many anorexics eventually develop bulimia. A new disease-related nutrition problems occur in the foreseeable time. Ortoreksiyata nervous obsession with healthy lifestyle. Although relatively new and poorly studied this disease now covers socially significant parts of the population, not only in the US and Europe, but also in our country.
In practice it turns out that anorexia, bulimia and ortoreksiyata closing a vicious circle from which exit is impossible without skilled care.
Bulimia is a disease in which attacks of ravenous eating followed by self-enforced vomiting often done in secret. Most common among women between 15 and 30 years old and suffering from anorexia as they obsessive fear of weight gain, which actually causes vomiting. Some patients use laxatives means to quickly throw food.
Bulimia causes of disease and treatment-Part Four
causes
They are complex, the most important are the psychological, social, cultural and genetic reasons.
Most often bulimic crises triggered by stress associated with increasing voltage. But the disease was conceived long before. It is believed that the beginnings of bulimia are rooted more in the embryonic period of human development.
Psycho-emotional climate in which the pregnancy, the behavior of the pregnant woman and her relatives are crucial. Inappropriate attitude and all the negative experiences during this period led to damage the psyche of the child. More then sow the seeds of guilt that thrive later in the form of bulimic crises / uncontrolled ingestion of food / who are stereotyped way to relieve distress.
Bulimia is a lack of unconditional love from parents. Overeating is a kind of protest, a cry for help, compensatory / but satisfying / saturation of the senses, speaks of a certain infantilism.
Irregular and incomplete emptying of the colon also creates conditions for the development of bulimia. Due to the constant feeling of fullness in the abdomen, such people almost constantly hungry. But sometimes overcomes hunger and they frantically absorb any trapped their food in large quantities. Then clogged stomach makes them vomit.
Causes of bulimia are few. Firstly, it is the middle of the living. Sexual abuse, prolonged depression, and the pressure of the culture medium. This usually happens when dancers and athletes. Psychogenic causes of bulimia:
Violation of the family relationships. Development of gluttony is a reaction to a conflict between mother and daughter. Often patients with bulimia start using a huge amount of food when considered rejected and unnecessary when they lack affection and tenderness. Spiritual isolation. For example, change in appetite can develop in a stable relationship breakup, divorce or death of a loved one. Then the food becomes a source of positive emotions and defense mechanism of depression, drug fear.
Social causes of bulimia:
Pretension and high ambitions of parents; insufficient attention to the patient when he was a child; only child in the family; long watching TV constantly snack - chips, crackers, nuts, etc .; laziness and low physical activity; amending the present standard figure.
Nervous bulimia predominantly affects girls and young women. Increased hunger arises, as a rule, once a day and is removed with the adoption of high-calorie food, followed emesis, ie for bulimia nervosa is characterized by the cycle: food-vomiting. The purpose of weight loss induced vomiting, striving for elegance or a desire for relief from obesity. In addition to all the patients using laxatives and diuretics artificial gastric emptying and weight reduction, actively engaged in exercise. But despite all efforts, the body mass neuklonno still increased and the vicious circle feeding - vomiting re-uptake of large quantities of food continues.
Physical signs of bulimia nervosa:
Weight gain; swelling of salivary glands due to vomiting; failure of tooth enamel because of contact with the acidic contents of the stomach; redness of the mouth combined with small petechial hemorrhages; muscular weakness associated with ingestion of diuretic agents and remove salts from the body; attacks of pain in the heart and changes in the electrocardiogram; abdominal pain; attacks? voracious appetite? night; cessation of menstruation, impaired sleep.
Psychological portrait of a patient with bulimia:
Tendency to stockpile; egoisticheski pointless wasteful of valuable products for nutrition; prevalence of depressive mood; hysterical manifestations; reclusiveness; increased rigor to themselves and to others combined with selfishness;
They are complex, the most important are the psychological, social, cultural and genetic reasons.
Most often bulimic crises triggered by stress associated with increasing voltage. But the disease was conceived long before. It is believed that the beginnings of bulimia are rooted more in the embryonic period of human development.
Psycho-emotional climate in which the pregnancy, the behavior of the pregnant woman and her relatives are crucial. Inappropriate attitude and all the negative experiences during this period led to damage the psyche of the child. More then sow the seeds of guilt that thrive later in the form of bulimic crises / uncontrolled ingestion of food / who are stereotyped way to relieve distress.
Bulimia is a lack of unconditional love from parents. Overeating is a kind of protest, a cry for help, compensatory / but satisfying / saturation of the senses, speaks of a certain infantilism.
Irregular and incomplete emptying of the colon also creates conditions for the development of bulimia. Due to the constant feeling of fullness in the abdomen, such people almost constantly hungry. But sometimes overcomes hunger and they frantically absorb any trapped their food in large quantities. Then clogged stomach makes them vomit.
Causes of bulimia are few. Firstly, it is the middle of the living. Sexual abuse, prolonged depression, and the pressure of the culture medium. This usually happens when dancers and athletes. Psychogenic causes of bulimia:
Violation of the family relationships. Development of gluttony is a reaction to a conflict between mother and daughter. Often patients with bulimia start using a huge amount of food when considered rejected and unnecessary when they lack affection and tenderness. Spiritual isolation. For example, change in appetite can develop in a stable relationship breakup, divorce or death of a loved one. Then the food becomes a source of positive emotions and defense mechanism of depression, drug fear.
Social causes of bulimia:
Pretension and high ambitions of parents; insufficient attention to the patient when he was a child; only child in the family; long watching TV constantly snack - chips, crackers, nuts, etc .; laziness and low physical activity; amending the present standard figure.
Nervous bulimia predominantly affects girls and young women. Increased hunger arises, as a rule, once a day and is removed with the adoption of high-calorie food, followed emesis, ie for bulimia nervosa is characterized by the cycle: food-vomiting. The purpose of weight loss induced vomiting, striving for elegance or a desire for relief from obesity. In addition to all the patients using laxatives and diuretics artificial gastric emptying and weight reduction, actively engaged in exercise. But despite all efforts, the body mass neuklonno still increased and the vicious circle feeding - vomiting re-uptake of large quantities of food continues.
Physical signs of bulimia nervosa:
Weight gain; swelling of salivary glands due to vomiting; failure of tooth enamel because of contact with the acidic contents of the stomach; redness of the mouth combined with small petechial hemorrhages; muscular weakness associated with ingestion of diuretic agents and remove salts from the body; attacks of pain in the heart and changes in the electrocardiogram; abdominal pain; attacks? voracious appetite? night; cessation of menstruation, impaired sleep.
Psychological portrait of a patient with bulimia:
Tendency to stockpile; egoisticheski pointless wasteful of valuable products for nutrition; prevalence of depressive mood; hysterical manifestations; reclusiveness; increased rigor to themselves and to others combined with selfishness;
Bulimia causes of disease and treatment-Part Three
Pathophysiology
The reason is not completely known but it is assumed that there is a reduced synthesis of serotonin in the brain (hiposeroenergichno state), which results in reduced feelings of satiety and increased desire for food intake;
Subjecting diets can lead to a decrease in the level of plasma tryptophan, and further decrease of serotonin. Ingestion of food is also controlled by other nevrotranzmiteri (norepinephrine and neuropeptide ...).
psychopharmacology
Including psihofarma in the process of treating bulimia is optional and the discretion of the attending physician.
In bulimia often observed depressive symptoms as a result of problems associated with eating disorders. There are patients who respond to the inclusion of antidepressants, especially in terms of the frequency of bouts of overeating. It is noteworthy that for the treatment of eating disorders are needed higher doses than in the treatment of patients with depression. But should not be expected therapeutic effect beyond the period of administration.
Preparations of a group of SSRI, MAOI, Trazodone proven effectiveness (81, p.59). Recommended higher doses to be effective (Fluoxetine 60mg QD often recommended in the treatment of bulimia). Must be used carefully because they need a diet free of tyramine.
Ch.Nemeroff reported that sometimes you have to try several different antidepressants before to achieve a result. Bupropion is not recommended for eating disorders because of the risk of seizures.
As a side effect (often transient or mild form) can be observed lift, increased impulsivity, inner restlessness. There is evidence that these substances reduce the likelihood of recurrence. If the patient is not affected by an antidepressant for 2-3 weeks, detection of the level of the plasma can be confirmed that the dose not been administered to the patient, or have been affected by the purging.
In the context of what can be assumed that concomitant medication with atnidepresanti recommended primarily for severe cases of bulimia, which are difficult to psychotherapy.
Along with antidepressants in patients with bulimia have tested numerous other substances acting on brain functions (among them applied initially to treat spasticity karbamatsepin antagonist of opiatitenalokson and also L-tryptophan). All of them, however, did not show a significant positive effect.
Severely malnourished patients are at increased risk of side effects during treatment with psihofarma.
No data for the positive response to antisiolititsi in an attempt to reverse the anxiety svaraana with food intake.
Typical depressive background in the development of eating disorder often docked with antidepressants. Their role is primarily directed to the accompanying mental illness symptoms
The reason is not completely known but it is assumed that there is a reduced synthesis of serotonin in the brain (hiposeroenergichno state), which results in reduced feelings of satiety and increased desire for food intake;
Subjecting diets can lead to a decrease in the level of plasma tryptophan, and further decrease of serotonin. Ingestion of food is also controlled by other nevrotranzmiteri (norepinephrine and neuropeptide ...).
psychopharmacology
Including psihofarma in the process of treating bulimia is optional and the discretion of the attending physician.
In bulimia often observed depressive symptoms as a result of problems associated with eating disorders. There are patients who respond to the inclusion of antidepressants, especially in terms of the frequency of bouts of overeating. It is noteworthy that for the treatment of eating disorders are needed higher doses than in the treatment of patients with depression. But should not be expected therapeutic effect beyond the period of administration.
Preparations of a group of SSRI, MAOI, Trazodone proven effectiveness (81, p.59). Recommended higher doses to be effective (Fluoxetine 60mg QD often recommended in the treatment of bulimia). Must be used carefully because they need a diet free of tyramine.
Ch.Nemeroff reported that sometimes you have to try several different antidepressants before to achieve a result. Bupropion is not recommended for eating disorders because of the risk of seizures.
As a side effect (often transient or mild form) can be observed lift, increased impulsivity, inner restlessness. There is evidence that these substances reduce the likelihood of recurrence. If the patient is not affected by an antidepressant for 2-3 weeks, detection of the level of the plasma can be confirmed that the dose not been administered to the patient, or have been affected by the purging.
In the context of what can be assumed that concomitant medication with atnidepresanti recommended primarily for severe cases of bulimia, which are difficult to psychotherapy.
Along with antidepressants in patients with bulimia have tested numerous other substances acting on brain functions (among them applied initially to treat spasticity karbamatsepin antagonist of opiatitenalokson and also L-tryptophan). All of them, however, did not show a significant positive effect.
Severely malnourished patients are at increased risk of side effects during treatment with psihofarma.
No data for the positive response to antisiolititsi in an attempt to reverse the anxiety svaraana with food intake.
Typical depressive background in the development of eating disorder often docked with antidepressants. Their role is primarily directed to the accompanying mental illness symptoms
Bulimia causes of disease and treatment-Part Two
psychopathology
Bulimichkite personality is characterized by emotional lability, impulsivity, internal stress, anxiety, guilt, vulnerability, depression, neinitsiativnost, numbness, coldness - the absence of empatichnost.
According to A. Hiller almost half of patients with bulimia who undergo clinical treatment, both suffer from depressive symptoms. It is assumed that the reduced level of noradrenaline is a neurobiological link between body and mental state. It is possible for depressive able to contribute and psychodynamic aspects such as food processing depressive disorder or resulting social complications.
There is razsroystvo impulse control, have limited tolerance to frustration.
Disrupted social relationships, unstable pattern of interpersonal relations and here - fear in communication, which can lead to more serious mental disorders, accompanied by attacks of fear and panic.
Dissatisfied with yourself and your body, some seek satisfaction and self-assertion in alcohol, drugs and / or increased promiscuity. And hence an increased risk to develop alcohol or other addiction.
Were recorded and self-harming behaviors tendencies and actions.
According to various research teams - from 2% to 47% of the clinical studies provide evidence that among personality disorders with dramatic emotional traits (ie. Histrionna person) is often diagnosed border - borderline personality disorders.
Bulimichkite personality is characterized by emotional lability, impulsivity, internal stress, anxiety, guilt, vulnerability, depression, neinitsiativnost, numbness, coldness - the absence of empatichnost.
According to A. Hiller almost half of patients with bulimia who undergo clinical treatment, both suffer from depressive symptoms. It is assumed that the reduced level of noradrenaline is a neurobiological link between body and mental state. It is possible for depressive able to contribute and psychodynamic aspects such as food processing depressive disorder or resulting social complications.
There is razsroystvo impulse control, have limited tolerance to frustration.
Disrupted social relationships, unstable pattern of interpersonal relations and here - fear in communication, which can lead to more serious mental disorders, accompanied by attacks of fear and panic.
Dissatisfied with yourself and your body, some seek satisfaction and self-assertion in alcohol, drugs and / or increased promiscuity. And hence an increased risk to develop alcohol or other addiction.
Were recorded and self-harming behaviors tendencies and actions.
According to various research teams - from 2% to 47% of the clinical studies provide evidence that among personality disorders with dramatic emotional traits (ie. Histrionna person) is often diagnosed border - borderline personality disorders.
Bulimia causes of disease and treatment-Part One
The term should be restricted to those forms of the disorder, which have the same psychopathology as anorexia nervosa. The distribution by age and sex is the same as in anorexia nervosa, but occurs in a slightly older age. The breach may be regarded as a consequence of a persistent anorexia nervosa (although the reverse sequence is also possible
To insert the definite diagnosis of bulimia nervosa is necessary that all the following conditions in ICD 10:
continuous preoccupation regarding eating irresistible attraction to food
patient is prone to episodes of overeating, it consumes a large amount of food in a short time;
patient attempts to counteract weight gain from ingested by one or more of the following: induced vomiting, abuse of purgatives, alternating periods of fasting, medications to suppress appetite, thyroid preparations or diuretics. Diabetic patients suffering from bulimia nervosa may abandon the treatment with insulin;
psychopathology results in a fear of obesity disease and the patient to determine the legally strictly limited weight - well below the level of the premorbid weight, which can be considered as optimal, or healthy, from the perspective of the physician. Often, but not always, have a previous history of anorexia nervosa, with a duration of several months to several years. This episode may have been pushing expressed or was evident in lighter and disguised with moderate weight loss and / or phase of the previous amenorrhea.
INCLUDES: bulimia, unspecified; hiperoreksiya neurosis.
Differential diagnosis:
Includes upper dyspeptic syndrome, leading to repeated vomiting (typical psychopathology absent); more general personality abnormality as eating disorders can sazhitelsvta with alcohol dependence and some not very serious antisocial activities (eg petty theft in stores); depressive disorders (as patients with bulimia nervosa often reveal depressive symptoms).
ATYPICAL bulimia nervosa - F-50.3
This term should not be used for patients who are missing one or more of the main features characteristic of bulimia nervosa (F-50.2), but regardless of this, there is a typical clinical picture. Most often, this applies to patients with normal or even beyond the normal weight, but with typical periods of binge eating followed by vomiting or receiving purge. There are rare and partial syndromes with depressive symptoms, but if depressive symptoms justify placing a separate diagnosis of depressive disorder, then it is appropriate to fit two separate diagnoses.
Includes: bulimia at normal weight.
According to DSM - 4 to diagnose bulimia, it takes at least two attacks per week for a period of three months.
The age of onset of the disorder most often is called puberty. "Teenage" age or early adulthood.
To insert the definite diagnosis of bulimia nervosa is necessary that all the following conditions in ICD 10:
continuous preoccupation regarding eating irresistible attraction to food
patient is prone to episodes of overeating, it consumes a large amount of food in a short time;
patient attempts to counteract weight gain from ingested by one or more of the following: induced vomiting, abuse of purgatives, alternating periods of fasting, medications to suppress appetite, thyroid preparations or diuretics. Diabetic patients suffering from bulimia nervosa may abandon the treatment with insulin;
psychopathology results in a fear of obesity disease and the patient to determine the legally strictly limited weight - well below the level of the premorbid weight, which can be considered as optimal, or healthy, from the perspective of the physician. Often, but not always, have a previous history of anorexia nervosa, with a duration of several months to several years. This episode may have been pushing expressed or was evident in lighter and disguised with moderate weight loss and / or phase of the previous amenorrhea.
INCLUDES: bulimia, unspecified; hiperoreksiya neurosis.
Differential diagnosis:
Includes upper dyspeptic syndrome, leading to repeated vomiting (typical psychopathology absent); more general personality abnormality as eating disorders can sazhitelsvta with alcohol dependence and some not very serious antisocial activities (eg petty theft in stores); depressive disorders (as patients with bulimia nervosa often reveal depressive symptoms).
ATYPICAL bulimia nervosa - F-50.3
This term should not be used for patients who are missing one or more of the main features characteristic of bulimia nervosa (F-50.2), but regardless of this, there is a typical clinical picture. Most often, this applies to patients with normal or even beyond the normal weight, but with typical periods of binge eating followed by vomiting or receiving purge. There are rare and partial syndromes with depressive symptoms, but if depressive symptoms justify placing a separate diagnosis of depressive disorder, then it is appropriate to fit two separate diagnoses.
Includes: bulimia at normal weight.
According to DSM - 4 to diagnose bulimia, it takes at least two attacks per week for a period of three months.
The age of onset of the disorder most often is called puberty. "Teenage" age or early adulthood.
вторник, 4 ноември 2014 г.
Mental development in children from six to nine years-Part Three
1. Social develop- Between 5th and 6th, the children play still isolated as their interactions are quite random in nature. Between the 6th and 8th, all entities of the group work in partnership. The child is now understood that it was just a kid, like the adults around him and his own super I help him understand that. It is now clear that it is not in the center of the sanctum, the world of adults is closed to nego.Deteto away from those contacts that are no longer so necessary for its security and run at their peers, among which is a lot more options show great and be accepted as such.
During this period, on the one hand there is growing trend towards independence and separation from the parents of the other hand of exhibits trend towards social dependency, the child is trying to attract the attention of peers using a variety of techniques. You can now watch games-related rules. Everyone tries to respect its rules, but at the same time controlling others not exceed theirs.
The emergence of groups and organized games proves that cooperation was possible, though not particularly stabilno. It confirmed the abundance of conflicts and quarrels. Often smaller imitation of the big game, do not properly understand and apply them randomly or unintentionally violate them.
Should be predvd that the child has no opportunity to choose their partners. Of previous stages are practically imposed by adults, depending on their social connections. Then be imposed by the school and by the more or less random distribution in classes or workshops. Therefore, are very crucial for the child externalities, it accepts their friends where they nameri- in the same class in the same apartment building or in the same neighborhood, without exercising real choice based on personal sympathies.
At the eighth year the child becomes very sensitive to public opinion to their peers. He is worried about his social success for its popularity, which supports as needed with small gifts.
Surely this popularity is not so important for parents who care more about the opinion that other peers have on their offspring. Very rare phenomena are families in which the child is prepared and trained in the light of social experience, which is going to school.
Experience and experience of the child within the group are very important for its development, because this is where it can get to know the reciprocity and solidarity, which are crucial for its development and future mental equilibrium.
It is in the inevitable disagreements he learns to assert their rights. If at the beginning makes it through bickering, insults and blows, it will soon make it through discussion. After a satisfying only hard thing clearly, or resorting to the famous "Dad told me '' by the seventh and eighth year trying to persuade their peers will look for arguments or evidence that will lead to their consent.
During this period, on the one hand there is growing trend towards independence and separation from the parents of the other hand of exhibits trend towards social dependency, the child is trying to attract the attention of peers using a variety of techniques. You can now watch games-related rules. Everyone tries to respect its rules, but at the same time controlling others not exceed theirs.
The emergence of groups and organized games proves that cooperation was possible, though not particularly stabilno. It confirmed the abundance of conflicts and quarrels. Often smaller imitation of the big game, do not properly understand and apply them randomly or unintentionally violate them.
Should be predvd that the child has no opportunity to choose their partners. Of previous stages are practically imposed by adults, depending on their social connections. Then be imposed by the school and by the more or less random distribution in classes or workshops. Therefore, are very crucial for the child externalities, it accepts their friends where they nameri- in the same class in the same apartment building or in the same neighborhood, without exercising real choice based on personal sympathies.
At the eighth year the child becomes very sensitive to public opinion to their peers. He is worried about his social success for its popularity, which supports as needed with small gifts.
Surely this popularity is not so important for parents who care more about the opinion that other peers have on their offspring. Very rare phenomena are families in which the child is prepared and trained in the light of social experience, which is going to school.
Experience and experience of the child within the group are very important for its development, because this is where it can get to know the reciprocity and solidarity, which are crucial for its development and future mental equilibrium.
It is in the inevitable disagreements he learns to assert their rights. If at the beginning makes it through bickering, insults and blows, it will soon make it through discussion. After a satisfying only hard thing clearly, or resorting to the famous "Dad told me '' by the seventh and eighth year trying to persuade their peers will look for arguments or evidence that will lead to their consent.
Mental development in children from six to nine years, part two
1. Emotional develop- characteristic of this period motsionalno regard is that the child suppresses extreme emotional fixation on the parent of the opposite sex and release aggression and fear of the parent of the opposite sex. Survive only tenderness, affection, supreme expressions of love, and my desire to be great, to be approved according to the sex to which it belongs. Love lost obsessive and absolute. Delivery of pleasure giving, small restrictions and sacrifice are required over the initial obsession and fear of emotional deprivation. The child begins to love people more objectively and more nuanced. Acquires the ability to form attachments to other people except to their parents.
The birth of another child in the family, razzhodat death or remarriage of a parent, are prerequisites for the emergence of different types of emotional regression, which raise difficulties again considered solved. All the emotional conflicts of early childhood that have remained lurking are able almost necessarily disturb this period and prevent the development of personality. Now the child has a past that is sometimes quite busy from educational point of view.
As a basic emotional reactions of this period may be mentioned the rivalry, jealousy, anger, as a result of the expansion of the emotional connections and attempts to organize collective activities. It should however be podchertaepo- great control over these events and their expression. 7, the child already "does not make a scene" if it is not satisfied determine whim or event of a conflict with a friend or parent. It quickly napaska place to go and cry or sulk in his corner, very ashamed if found in this condition. At this age already secrets that do not affect anyone. As a child things happen that do not translate directly to the external action. It needs to escape to a quiet isolated place to stay only with yourself. This is the age at which children must constantly be informed and to be reminded, because constantly "hovering somewhere." But this is the age in which love to listen to tales and legends, Cause both have a sort of inner self and mysterious future, to which the child is already aware that inevitably draws.
The huge expansion characteristic of the eighth year, does not stop this internal evolution. Regret, remorse, great sensitivity to the feelings and intentions prove it. Discuss child than with others and with ourselves and perceive many types of social behavior. Forming their consciences internalize the objective rules of the group and the family, it is learned is not everything he thinks and feels. Inner world and encourages certain duality appear first truly lies. There are children who lie more than others.
The frequency of lies grows in proportion to the severity of the elderly.
During this period, observed the existence of important changes relating to the search for sensual pleasures. Surely this area continuously engaged in the youngest child is now balanced by the important interests of another character. We can say that a child of 6 to 9 years is less sensual than 3-4, the
You should be accepted as a normal part of sexual development of some games and anatomical studies. These actions are more intellectual tone. Child seeking more knowledge than pleasure
The birth of another child in the family, razzhodat death or remarriage of a parent, are prerequisites for the emergence of different types of emotional regression, which raise difficulties again considered solved. All the emotional conflicts of early childhood that have remained lurking are able almost necessarily disturb this period and prevent the development of personality. Now the child has a past that is sometimes quite busy from educational point of view.
As a basic emotional reactions of this period may be mentioned the rivalry, jealousy, anger, as a result of the expansion of the emotional connections and attempts to organize collective activities. It should however be podchertaepo- great control over these events and their expression. 7, the child already "does not make a scene" if it is not satisfied determine whim or event of a conflict with a friend or parent. It quickly napaska place to go and cry or sulk in his corner, very ashamed if found in this condition. At this age already secrets that do not affect anyone. As a child things happen that do not translate directly to the external action. It needs to escape to a quiet isolated place to stay only with yourself. This is the age at which children must constantly be informed and to be reminded, because constantly "hovering somewhere." But this is the age in which love to listen to tales and legends, Cause both have a sort of inner self and mysterious future, to which the child is already aware that inevitably draws.
The huge expansion characteristic of the eighth year, does not stop this internal evolution. Regret, remorse, great sensitivity to the feelings and intentions prove it. Discuss child than with others and with ourselves and perceive many types of social behavior. Forming their consciences internalize the objective rules of the group and the family, it is learned is not everything he thinks and feels. Inner world and encourages certain duality appear first truly lies. There are children who lie more than others.
The frequency of lies grows in proportion to the severity of the elderly.
During this period, observed the existence of important changes relating to the search for sensual pleasures. Surely this area continuously engaged in the youngest child is now balanced by the important interests of another character. We can say that a child of 6 to 9 years is less sensual than 3-4, the
You should be accepted as a normal part of sexual development of some games and anatomical studies. These actions are more intellectual tone. Child seeking more knowledge than pleasure
Mental development of children from six to nine years
Mental development of children from six to nine years
During this period the event occurs essential for deteto- departure of the school. This is the first serious experience of the child outside the family environment, school environment is emotionally neutral to it. Free choice of activities in the games is replaced with daily Compulsory deyniost. From the sixth year onwards, reaching a level of maturity in the face of external demands and began to take shape responsibility. The school and the education that is offered will meet some of the children's curiosity, his need of realization of his desire to be great. His mind remains essentially concrete, as egocentrism disintegrates on contact with reality, learning and social interaction. Gradually the child begins to enter into society with their peers as part of the group that feels ravnopravno.Osnovnata concern is to find friends to compete with them and establish among them. For it is more important to comply with the standards of the group, rather than the desires of adults. Child away from contact with them. They are no longer so necessary for its security, and it is directed towards peers. Stands to independence and autonomy.
1. Motor napredak- After the sixth year the games are collective and organized. Both appear in the game rules and controls which each participant exercised over others in order, defending their own rights. Often have a rivalry, but also has mutual aid, cooperation, collectivity in a common goal and will to understand the other. Power motor with information about growing and important role began to play power games, gymnastics that stand high Pitch and durability. At the ninth year child Srem to fight to lift weights, to shine with physical strength and capabilities, going sometimes to extremes to exhaustion.
Coordination in turn develops. Six years old child can drive the ball to bounce in front of him and it captures. Trying to use tools or sewing needle large bodove.Po during the eighth year writing deal and becomes more skillful. Painting is a source of great satisfaction. In the ninth year development will continue in the direction of greater precision and durability. Team games and competitions will become a major ground for the further socialization.
2. Development of thought and logic-six year natakak Analytical thought becomes more and more sensitive to the objective connections. Seven years' age eraser "of self-criticism, a" but "," yet ". Reasoning, establishing connections between elements beyond mere assertion, based on faith in the desire to sensory illusions.
4 or 5 years the child is not interested in objective circumstances the activities of Santa Claus. What matters is that he brings gifts. 6 or 7, the gifts are not less important. On the contrary, desires are much more accurate, but the narrow chimney of the fireplace causing some concern and poses a question: "How is it possible to visit all the houses in one city for one night or both hands out gifts in different stores?" The child encounters material failure, which can be overcome only by faith.
Four or five stars, the child perceives as man-made and clouds as sentient beings. Between 6 and 9 years old, it rather assumes that they move any natural sili.Misleneto already exceeds the sensory impressions of the moment, when they coordinate with predini- flat cake of this is related to the ball game from a moment ago. Of intuitive thought becomes "operational" by grouping as a whole. During this period, the thought becomes more analytical, logical and coherent a density and consistency. After the seventh year jump in opportunities Zai holds their attention on objects and actions for a long time without using it. In brief permanently remains to them needful applicable is interested in it. Around the ninth year children begin to participate in team games and contiguous.
After six years the opportunities for increased memory, faster kids learn new terms and concepts, but prefer to memorize, n so far as to retell. Gradually improved to nine.
Practical intelligence becomes more efficient as a result of progress in thinking that is increasingly preceded and guided действието.Конструктивното handling plays such an important role that we legitimately speak of "technical age" after the sixth year.
During this period the event occurs essential for deteto- departure of the school. This is the first serious experience of the child outside the family environment, school environment is emotionally neutral to it. Free choice of activities in the games is replaced with daily Compulsory deyniost. From the sixth year onwards, reaching a level of maturity in the face of external demands and began to take shape responsibility. The school and the education that is offered will meet some of the children's curiosity, his need of realization of his desire to be great. His mind remains essentially concrete, as egocentrism disintegrates on contact with reality, learning and social interaction. Gradually the child begins to enter into society with their peers as part of the group that feels ravnopravno.Osnovnata concern is to find friends to compete with them and establish among them. For it is more important to comply with the standards of the group, rather than the desires of adults. Child away from contact with them. They are no longer so necessary for its security, and it is directed towards peers. Stands to independence and autonomy.
1. Motor napredak- After the sixth year the games are collective and organized. Both appear in the game rules and controls which each participant exercised over others in order, defending their own rights. Often have a rivalry, but also has mutual aid, cooperation, collectivity in a common goal and will to understand the other. Power motor with information about growing and important role began to play power games, gymnastics that stand high Pitch and durability. At the ninth year child Srem to fight to lift weights, to shine with physical strength and capabilities, going sometimes to extremes to exhaustion.
Coordination in turn develops. Six years old child can drive the ball to bounce in front of him and it captures. Trying to use tools or sewing needle large bodove.Po during the eighth year writing deal and becomes more skillful. Painting is a source of great satisfaction. In the ninth year development will continue in the direction of greater precision and durability. Team games and competitions will become a major ground for the further socialization.
2. Development of thought and logic-six year natakak Analytical thought becomes more and more sensitive to the objective connections. Seven years' age eraser "of self-criticism, a" but "," yet ". Reasoning, establishing connections between elements beyond mere assertion, based on faith in the desire to sensory illusions.
4 or 5 years the child is not interested in objective circumstances the activities of Santa Claus. What matters is that he brings gifts. 6 or 7, the gifts are not less important. On the contrary, desires are much more accurate, but the narrow chimney of the fireplace causing some concern and poses a question: "How is it possible to visit all the houses in one city for one night or both hands out gifts in different stores?" The child encounters material failure, which can be overcome only by faith.
Four or five stars, the child perceives as man-made and clouds as sentient beings. Between 6 and 9 years old, it rather assumes that they move any natural sili.Misleneto already exceeds the sensory impressions of the moment, when they coordinate with predini- flat cake of this is related to the ball game from a moment ago. Of intuitive thought becomes "operational" by grouping as a whole. During this period, the thought becomes more analytical, logical and coherent a density and consistency. After the seventh year jump in opportunities Zai holds their attention on objects and actions for a long time without using it. In brief permanently remains to them needful applicable is interested in it. Around the ninth year children begin to participate in team games and contiguous.
After six years the opportunities for increased memory, faster kids learn new terms and concepts, but prefer to memorize, n so far as to retell. Gradually improved to nine.
Practical intelligence becomes more efficient as a result of progress in thinking that is increasingly preceded and guided действието.Конструктивното handling plays such an important role that we legitimately speak of "technical age" after the sixth year.
Characteristics in bliznatsite- tenth
surrogate mothers
How are they on Earth - is unknown. As it is not known how many of them have grown up and live alongside us. Some other - most of those born of women terrestrial aliens take children with you.
In May 2001 young Australian Megan Liker returned home in the city. Perth, having served four years in the Army contract. Soon married. And perhaps her marriage would have been happy if it was not a coincidence: all attempts to get pregnant Megan remained unsuccessful.
She went to review. January Wee claimed result: her fertility bodies unaccountable way been aged and became like a 60 year old woman who gave birth to a dozen children.
Megan did not know what to think. Her lawyer advised her to take advantage of the benefits offered to Australian citizens received in injury or disability during military service. But when Megan left to form the necessary documents her expecting another blow: the archives of the defense ministry had no information that Miss Megan Liker served in the military.
She nearly collapsed from shock. After long persuasion her husband took her to a psychiatrist. During the hypnotic session Megan remembered that in the previous four years was never in the military, and in the grip of ... aliens!
Megan told under hypnosis that immediately after her abduction creatures with gray skin and huge eyes examined her and found basically that is in excellent health and has not yet been born. Then he sent a huge spaceship hidden in the unseen side of the moon.
Megan subsequent years compared to the lives of slaves in medieval galleys, which was read in childhood. Only "work" it was different: with six other women land located in the giant flying saucer, it constantly bear children hybrids. The aliens were staged its true factory humanoids using earth women acting as surrogate mothers.
"They used me as a sow - told Megan. - For four years I gave birth to forty-eight children!"
Such a fantastic fertility was due to the fact that aliens placed into the uterus of the surrogate mother at the same time four eggs artificially inseminated by aliens, and the duration of pregnancy was reduced to four months by using special preparations.
Newborn mutants, according to Megan, much like the earth children. The only difference was huge eyes. Immediately after birth the children were separated from the mother. After a few years of UFO genitals Megan Laker so worn that it lost any value for aliens. Ultimately it back to Earth, leaving her brain only memories she spent time in military service.
Look at your neighbor!
Famous Ufologist Brad Steiger allegedly hypnotic sessions conducted with 1,200 people who appear ... descendants of aliens.
"Practically all of their memories, dreams and visions are very similar - notes Steiger. - They told me about a planet with two moons and a feeling that their earthly parents are not their blood. Also reported that they feel very lonely and lost in this life. Some had vague memories of a crash and fire for a period of wandering and alienation. Many of the descendants of aliens saying, "it seems to me that soon there will be a great time. Very soon you will meet them again. "In his sleep heard calling:" Be prepared! "
The impression is that of the "star child" was commissioned to help the earthlings to prepare for the meeting with beings from other worlds. Another UFO scientist - Dr. Mandelkern, added to what his colleague following:
"They are among us, and their mission is meeting with the sentient beings of the universe."
"The absence of evidence is not evidence of absence"
How are they on Earth - is unknown. As it is not known how many of them have grown up and live alongside us. Some other - most of those born of women terrestrial aliens take children with you.
In May 2001 young Australian Megan Liker returned home in the city. Perth, having served four years in the Army contract. Soon married. And perhaps her marriage would have been happy if it was not a coincidence: all attempts to get pregnant Megan remained unsuccessful.
She went to review. January Wee claimed result: her fertility bodies unaccountable way been aged and became like a 60 year old woman who gave birth to a dozen children.
Megan did not know what to think. Her lawyer advised her to take advantage of the benefits offered to Australian citizens received in injury or disability during military service. But when Megan left to form the necessary documents her expecting another blow: the archives of the defense ministry had no information that Miss Megan Liker served in the military.
She nearly collapsed from shock. After long persuasion her husband took her to a psychiatrist. During the hypnotic session Megan remembered that in the previous four years was never in the military, and in the grip of ... aliens!
Megan told under hypnosis that immediately after her abduction creatures with gray skin and huge eyes examined her and found basically that is in excellent health and has not yet been born. Then he sent a huge spaceship hidden in the unseen side of the moon.
Megan subsequent years compared to the lives of slaves in medieval galleys, which was read in childhood. Only "work" it was different: with six other women land located in the giant flying saucer, it constantly bear children hybrids. The aliens were staged its true factory humanoids using earth women acting as surrogate mothers.
"They used me as a sow - told Megan. - For four years I gave birth to forty-eight children!"
Such a fantastic fertility was due to the fact that aliens placed into the uterus of the surrogate mother at the same time four eggs artificially inseminated by aliens, and the duration of pregnancy was reduced to four months by using special preparations.
Newborn mutants, according to Megan, much like the earth children. The only difference was huge eyes. Immediately after birth the children were separated from the mother. After a few years of UFO genitals Megan Laker so worn that it lost any value for aliens. Ultimately it back to Earth, leaving her brain only memories she spent time in military service.
Look at your neighbor!
Famous Ufologist Brad Steiger allegedly hypnotic sessions conducted with 1,200 people who appear ... descendants of aliens.
"Practically all of their memories, dreams and visions are very similar - notes Steiger. - They told me about a planet with two moons and a feeling that their earthly parents are not their blood. Also reported that they feel very lonely and lost in this life. Some had vague memories of a crash and fire for a period of wandering and alienation. Many of the descendants of aliens saying, "it seems to me that soon there will be a great time. Very soon you will meet them again. "In his sleep heard calling:" Be prepared! "
The impression is that of the "star child" was commissioned to help the earthlings to prepare for the meeting with beings from other worlds. Another UFO scientist - Dr. Mandelkern, added to what his colleague following:
"They are among us, and their mission is meeting with the sentient beings of the universe."
"The absence of evidence is not evidence of absence"
features of twins -deveta part
A ten-year-girl who spent her entire life in a secret US Air Force base, like Miclea Hungary is only half human.
Nina had a strange "cat" eyes with vertical pupils, bone ridge along the spine and webbed fingers. Dr. Farley Yungbred Washington claims that in June 2000 received photos, documents and samples of genetic material girl.
"Even cursory examination of the pictures was perfectly obvious that in its present appearance inhuman traits that can not be explained scientifically," says Dr. Yungbred. After the medical examination of the genetic material he found that part of the DNA of Nina is of unknown origin.
Hunters sensationalism but managed to make unique images: Nina play, cycling, jumping rope near a small house surrounded by high concrete walls ...
Although the girl was "discovered", the authorities refused to comment on the widespread media images. "We do not know anything about a girl living in the confines of the base, and not hold any formal studies of extraterrestrial life."
Dr. Yungbred believes that the mother of Nina - Jackie Hubik was abducted by aliens. According to official data, it is lost in the mountains of Tennessee. After six days, completely unexpectedly, I met her forest to make his way through the thickets. The doctor considered obvious that Jackie was raped, but because the girl suffered from partial memory loss, and it was not clear who attacked her.
Refuse to communicate something specific child with unearthly origin and the authorities in Brazil. Small alien about 14-16 months was found in the Brazilian jungles. How he got there and how he survived - remains a mystery. Journalists believe that it has referred the jungle a young mother who did not want anyone to know about her relationship with a stranger.
The child was found near the Brazilian city of Anor Swiss researcher Dr. Barton Shpiler. At first, he or she (not clarified the gender of the child) was taken for an ordinary child, abandoned by heartless parents in the wild forests. But when the child was fed and dressed, it was clear: the strange appearance was never the result of a congenital malformation.
It had pointed ears, colorless eyes that are sometimes mirrored, and tubular nose.
The current whereabouts of the little stranger lies - neither Brazil nor the Swiss nor US authorities presented information. But became known that he held at a military base near Anor.
Dr. Shpiler, who has long been close to the unusual child, said: "It still has not shown any supernatural abilities, although in comparison with the earth children is very strong physically. And yet - many children speak, but his tongue can not to decipher. "
One can be told for children of aliens. Not a month goes by without another "child of the cosmos" to appear somewhere in North America, Asia and in the Moscow region.
Probably most of these messages are fabrications. However, there remains another, small but documented part, based on photographic and video footage, confirmed by the testimony of prominent physicians and scientists with world-famous names. Such reports leave no doubt that the children of aliens are real.
Google Преводач за фирми:Преводачески инструментариумПреводач на уебсайтовеТърсене на световни пазари
Изключване на незабавния преводВсичко за Google ПреводачМобилни устройстваОбщн
Nina had a strange "cat" eyes with vertical pupils, bone ridge along the spine and webbed fingers. Dr. Farley Yungbred Washington claims that in June 2000 received photos, documents and samples of genetic material girl.
"Even cursory examination of the pictures was perfectly obvious that in its present appearance inhuman traits that can not be explained scientifically," says Dr. Yungbred. After the medical examination of the genetic material he found that part of the DNA of Nina is of unknown origin.
Hunters sensationalism but managed to make unique images: Nina play, cycling, jumping rope near a small house surrounded by high concrete walls ...
Although the girl was "discovered", the authorities refused to comment on the widespread media images. "We do not know anything about a girl living in the confines of the base, and not hold any formal studies of extraterrestrial life."
Dr. Yungbred believes that the mother of Nina - Jackie Hubik was abducted by aliens. According to official data, it is lost in the mountains of Tennessee. After six days, completely unexpectedly, I met her forest to make his way through the thickets. The doctor considered obvious that Jackie was raped, but because the girl suffered from partial memory loss, and it was not clear who attacked her.
Refuse to communicate something specific child with unearthly origin and the authorities in Brazil. Small alien about 14-16 months was found in the Brazilian jungles. How he got there and how he survived - remains a mystery. Journalists believe that it has referred the jungle a young mother who did not want anyone to know about her relationship with a stranger.
The child was found near the Brazilian city of Anor Swiss researcher Dr. Barton Shpiler. At first, he or she (not clarified the gender of the child) was taken for an ordinary child, abandoned by heartless parents in the wild forests. But when the child was fed and dressed, it was clear: the strange appearance was never the result of a congenital malformation.
It had pointed ears, colorless eyes that are sometimes mirrored, and tubular nose.
The current whereabouts of the little stranger lies - neither Brazil nor the Swiss nor US authorities presented information. But became known that he held at a military base near Anor.
Dr. Shpiler, who has long been close to the unusual child, said: "It still has not shown any supernatural abilities, although in comparison with the earth children is very strong physically. And yet - many children speak, but his tongue can not to decipher. "
One can be told for children of aliens. Not a month goes by without another "child of the cosmos" to appear somewhere in North America, Asia and in the Moscow region.
Probably most of these messages are fabrications. However, there remains another, small but documented part, based on photographic and video footage, confirmed by the testimony of prominent physicians and scientists with world-famous names. Such reports leave no doubt that the children of aliens are real.
Google Преводач за фирми:Преводачески инструментариумПреводач на уебсайтовеТърсене на световни пазари
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Specifics of the twins-eighth
"We're just stunned - says Dr. Benito December Duties at a press conference in Rome. - In fact we can not believe. For with no scientific arguments can not explain why in the chest of the child rather than live heart beat mechanically. We do not believe in supernatural phenomena . But how else to explain this phenomenon? "
Dr. Mita Dec. believes that the truth may be more complex. "Our research showed that the artificial heart is very technical perfection - he said. - Its design is superior to anything you know how science today. We do not even know the principle on which it operates, we are unable to decipher the mechanism. I am convinced that with the help of modern science and technology is still impossible to make such a unique device. "
Monitors show the apparatus the size of a ping-pong-related bloodstream. He performed all the functions of a real heart.
Little angina develop normally even be a model for health. She had a wonderful appetite, was obedient and did not create any care of the happy mother - Maria Emiliano. "Of course, we want to angina was a normal child - admits mother. - Who knows what will happen to the heart after a few months or a year. That is, the child grows and the heart - not. Still believe in fate. Once the child has appeared in the world with something in his chest, and it probably will live. "
They know the language of birds and zveroveDrugo alien child for several years lived under the gaze of scientists in a Hungarian village. Miclea Bir already been nine years and was also "fruit of love" of a minor girl with an alien land.
It is true that experts disagree on this occasion. The thing is that unlike its Nepali "brother" Miclea combine traits of man and beast. Therefore, some ufologists believe that the child is the result of a forced crossing between girl and beast, and others - that the father of Miclea is alien, slightly resembling a man. Mother nothing could help scientists. Under hypnosis she remembered only that it was taken from the UFO and subjected to medical tests. I do not remember anything more.
Miclea thrive in the human community, animals and birds are attracted to it as a leader. She understood their "speech" and translate it into the language of the people. Biologists and geneticists hoped with the girl to learn the language of the animals, which preliminary data are considerably richer than you thought. Mental skills Miclea today is estimated at two hundred percent compared with the rate established for the children of nine.
Alien children living on the territory of the former USSR. For them, however, are less known. Names and their families are classified.
Some time ago, in a Ukrainian newspaper was published detailed research material for two students at the School of the town. Ivano-Frankivsk, who, returning from a walk in the forest, told that they have seen an alien spacecraft there. After the message "kontaktyorkite" as the beginning were sent to a psychiatrist, and then, just in case - in gynecological surgery.
The result of the review was comforting - both girls were pregnant. But that was amazing - the virgin membrane of both was intact. The conclusion was one - girls did nothing reprehensible in the woods and apparently remembered only part of the experience.
After a while "heaven Playmates" born one child. Information about them is not much. Children are very much alike externally, have intelligent eyes, acute hearing and the beginnings of mediums. Now been more than a year old and all of them had already vocabulary of an eight year old child.
The secret of secret Air Force base
Dr. Mita Dec. believes that the truth may be more complex. "Our research showed that the artificial heart is very technical perfection - he said. - Its design is superior to anything you know how science today. We do not even know the principle on which it operates, we are unable to decipher the mechanism. I am convinced that with the help of modern science and technology is still impossible to make such a unique device. "
Monitors show the apparatus the size of a ping-pong-related bloodstream. He performed all the functions of a real heart.
Little angina develop normally even be a model for health. She had a wonderful appetite, was obedient and did not create any care of the happy mother - Maria Emiliano. "Of course, we want to angina was a normal child - admits mother. - Who knows what will happen to the heart after a few months or a year. That is, the child grows and the heart - not. Still believe in fate. Once the child has appeared in the world with something in his chest, and it probably will live. "
They know the language of birds and zveroveDrugo alien child for several years lived under the gaze of scientists in a Hungarian village. Miclea Bir already been nine years and was also "fruit of love" of a minor girl with an alien land.
It is true that experts disagree on this occasion. The thing is that unlike its Nepali "brother" Miclea combine traits of man and beast. Therefore, some ufologists believe that the child is the result of a forced crossing between girl and beast, and others - that the father of Miclea is alien, slightly resembling a man. Mother nothing could help scientists. Under hypnosis she remembered only that it was taken from the UFO and subjected to medical tests. I do not remember anything more.
Miclea thrive in the human community, animals and birds are attracted to it as a leader. She understood their "speech" and translate it into the language of the people. Biologists and geneticists hoped with the girl to learn the language of the animals, which preliminary data are considerably richer than you thought. Mental skills Miclea today is estimated at two hundred percent compared with the rate established for the children of nine.
Alien children living on the territory of the former USSR. For them, however, are less known. Names and their families are classified.
Some time ago, in a Ukrainian newspaper was published detailed research material for two students at the School of the town. Ivano-Frankivsk, who, returning from a walk in the forest, told that they have seen an alien spacecraft there. After the message "kontaktyorkite" as the beginning were sent to a psychiatrist, and then, just in case - in gynecological surgery.
The result of the review was comforting - both girls were pregnant. But that was amazing - the virgin membrane of both was intact. The conclusion was one - girls did nothing reprehensible in the woods and apparently remembered only part of the experience.
After a while "heaven Playmates" born one child. Information about them is not much. Children are very much alike externally, have intelligent eyes, acute hearing and the beginnings of mediums. Now been more than a year old and all of them had already vocabulary of an eight year old child.
The secret of secret Air Force base
Peculiarities in the seventh part bliznatsite-
fact №12
Suicides among twins are very rare.
Researchers from Denmark have shown that among twins of both sexes suicide occurs with 28% less and if such cases they are due to mental illness. This confirms the theory that a strong kinship prevent depression and reduce the risk of suicidal behavior.
Although rich people can now enjoy the trip into space, some of the pleasures we enjoy on earth remain impossible in the absence of gravity.
Experts from NASA, supported by their Russian colleagues disproved the myth that sex is possible in space conditions. According to US experts so far in history no registered data anyone has dealings in space wrote novinar.bg
The Russians also said they are not registered attempts intercourse by astronauts.
Experts say there are many reasons to have sex "mission impossible." On the one hand astronauts never left alone. They are under constant surveillance of multiple cameras.
Also intercourse is impossible because of the physiological difficulties that sex partners they met. These include nausea, and decreased blood pressure.
Space is not a suitable environment for pregnancy. Experts say that the radiation sterilized female embryos. This makes women infertile.
Studies with pregnant rats aboard spaceships and shuttles show that this environment is not conducive to the development of the offspring. /woman.bg
<<
Alien experiments with humans are not limited to the study of anatomy and surgery, after which, theoretically, human bodies do not remain traces. From time to time reports of overt manifestations of contacts with visitors from outer space. It's all for the children of aliens born from earthly women.
Instead of heart - pounding motor
In confirmation of what has been a sensational message came from Nepal, which together with Brazil has long been the subject of attention of ufologists worldwide.
Dr. Vo Singh, head of the scientific expedition studying the UFO phenomenon in mountainous regions of Nepal, seen in a village and even studied with modern
Suicides among twins are very rare.
Researchers from Denmark have shown that among twins of both sexes suicide occurs with 28% less and if such cases they are due to mental illness. This confirms the theory that a strong kinship prevent depression and reduce the risk of suicidal behavior.
Although rich people can now enjoy the trip into space, some of the pleasures we enjoy on earth remain impossible in the absence of gravity.
Experts from NASA, supported by their Russian colleagues disproved the myth that sex is possible in space conditions. According to US experts so far in history no registered data anyone has dealings in space wrote novinar.bg
The Russians also said they are not registered attempts intercourse by astronauts.
Experts say there are many reasons to have sex "mission impossible." On the one hand astronauts never left alone. They are under constant surveillance of multiple cameras.
Also intercourse is impossible because of the physiological difficulties that sex partners they met. These include nausea, and decreased blood pressure.
Space is not a suitable environment for pregnancy. Experts say that the radiation sterilized female embryos. This makes women infertile.
Studies with pregnant rats aboard spaceships and shuttles show that this environment is not conducive to the development of the offspring. /woman.bg
<<
Alien experiments with humans are not limited to the study of anatomy and surgery, after which, theoretically, human bodies do not remain traces. From time to time reports of overt manifestations of contacts with visitors from outer space. It's all for the children of aliens born from earthly women.
Instead of heart - pounding motor
In confirmation of what has been a sensational message came from Nepal, which together with Brazil has long been the subject of attention of ufologists worldwide.
Dr. Vo Singh, head of the scientific expedition studying the UFO phenomenon in mountainous regions of Nepal, seen in a village and even studied with modern
Specifics of the twins-sixth of
fact №7
The twins are weaker in childhood.
This pregnancy wears more difficult and often children are born premature. Twins can be born with insufficient weight, tendency to infectious diseases, physically weak and in need of more care. All this is related to the peculiarities of multiple pregnancies. The third year twins catch up in physical development peers.
fact №8
Larger and smaller, strong and weak
There is a misconception that the larger twin is always the leader, and his younger obey. If so, it is a tribute to the parents. Often when the younger twin was born with less weight, parents treat him as less substantive and start to care more about it and deprived of mobile games. The smaller twin grew up thinking that was less that not much has been given, that not everything is allowed and begins to behave according to the expectations of the surrounding friends.
fact №9
What makes them similar?
Relatives are adamant that they can not distinguish them, parents dress them in the same clothes, christen them with names similar in sound form in their general habits, tastes and interests, and even implying "You have a whole".
The twins grew up under the constant pressure, which shows that they do not differ from each other and over time realize that their individuality is a "one for two". Plays a major role and the fact that they spend a lot of time together.
fact №10
Twins and family life.
Teenage twins often rebel against uniformity and uniform clothing. According to statistics, grown dizigotni twins often separated from one another, try to choose different professions, different circle of friends. Twin, who is under the influence of the other, seeks to escape to freedom and to build their own individuality.
A monozygotic twins continue to converge. Often they are afraid of family life, worried that they will be able to find your spouse in the same understanding. Marrying, monozygotic twins are often dissatisfied with family life or face the jealousy of the brother / sister. Even family life and the twins take place successfully, they keep each other close relationships.
fact №11
Hypersensitivity twins
In the press, movies and books are constantly focused on sensitization twins. One sister died in a plane crash and the other at that moment felt terrible pain, one of the twins broke his arm and the other suffered from leg pain throughout the day, etc.
In fact, rumors of this hypersensitivity are greatly exaggerated. Proves not only the tendency of twins to genetic diseases.
And many stories about the twins think and feel the same way, are far from reality.
The twins are weaker in childhood.
This pregnancy wears more difficult and often children are born premature. Twins can be born with insufficient weight, tendency to infectious diseases, physically weak and in need of more care. All this is related to the peculiarities of multiple pregnancies. The third year twins catch up in physical development peers.
fact №8
Larger and smaller, strong and weak
There is a misconception that the larger twin is always the leader, and his younger obey. If so, it is a tribute to the parents. Often when the younger twin was born with less weight, parents treat him as less substantive and start to care more about it and deprived of mobile games. The smaller twin grew up thinking that was less that not much has been given, that not everything is allowed and begins to behave according to the expectations of the surrounding friends.
fact №9
What makes them similar?
Relatives are adamant that they can not distinguish them, parents dress them in the same clothes, christen them with names similar in sound form in their general habits, tastes and interests, and even implying "You have a whole".
The twins grew up under the constant pressure, which shows that they do not differ from each other and over time realize that their individuality is a "one for two". Plays a major role and the fact that they spend a lot of time together.
fact №10
Twins and family life.
Teenage twins often rebel against uniformity and uniform clothing. According to statistics, grown dizigotni twins often separated from one another, try to choose different professions, different circle of friends. Twin, who is under the influence of the other, seeks to escape to freedom and to build their own individuality.
A monozygotic twins continue to converge. Often they are afraid of family life, worried that they will be able to find your spouse in the same understanding. Marrying, monozygotic twins are often dissatisfied with family life or face the jealousy of the brother / sister. Even family life and the twins take place successfully, they keep each other close relationships.
fact №11
Hypersensitivity twins
In the press, movies and books are constantly focused on sensitization twins. One sister died in a plane crash and the other at that moment felt terrible pain, one of the twins broke his arm and the other suffered from leg pain throughout the day, etc.
In fact, rumors of this hypersensitivity are greatly exaggerated. Proves not only the tendency of twins to genetic diseases.
And many stories about the twins think and feel the same way, are far from reality.
Specifics of the twins fifth
fact №1
When twins are born?
9 In each pregnancy. Most often twins born blacks, and very rarely - the representatives of the Asian race. The probability of the birth of twins (especially monozygotic) increases with maternal age - it becomes the maximum at 40, and then decreases. This feature of the body may be associated with higher levels of gonadotropins. Many of the women who were treated for infertility with gonadotropins subsequently born twins.
Popular belief that twins are born in clean generation error. Genetic predisposition to the birth of the twins really exists, but it can occur in generation.
fact №2
Does the place of birth of twins?
According to statistics, at least the twins are born in the industrial cities. The notion that the environment influences the birth of twins is also a delusion. But there are curiosities. In a small Indian village known as the "village of the twins" are about 70 pairs of twins. And every year it increases. Scientists can not explain this phenomenon, and these Indians believe that it is the work of Lord Ram, who had twin children.
fact №3
"City of twins"
There is also an artificial place for concentration of twins - Tuinzbarg in Ohio. Every year in this city held a celebration in which the twins arrive at different ages.
fact №4
Two or two
The twins are monozygotic and dizigotni. Dizigotni are if they are immediately fertilized two eggs (zygotes) and monozygotic - if only one fertilized egg, but then it is divided.
Monozygotic twins are always of the same sex, they fit all genes, while dizigotnite these matches are only 50%.
fact №5
Siamese twins
These are monozygotic twins, in which the division has begun at a later stage and therefore they are born joined. The compound may be insignificant - for example, a skin fold, but they can also be a connate bone.
fact №6
The method of twins
For the first time the twins science is interested in the 19th century. In 1876 the Englishman F. Galton posted his scientific work "History of twins as a criterion of the relative influence of nature and nurture." Since that time hundreds of experiments using the "method of the twins," which today is the main way of collecting information on the role of heredity and the impact of the environment on man.
The most reliable embodiment is the study of monozygotic twins separated occurring after about 15-20 years. Although living in different families and receive different education, they are equally energetic, love the same books and movies suffer from the same diseases. Meeting, they became close friends and believe that hardly differ from each other.
When twins are born?
9 In each pregnancy. Most often twins born blacks, and very rarely - the representatives of the Asian race. The probability of the birth of twins (especially monozygotic) increases with maternal age - it becomes the maximum at 40, and then decreases. This feature of the body may be associated with higher levels of gonadotropins. Many of the women who were treated for infertility with gonadotropins subsequently born twins.
Popular belief that twins are born in clean generation error. Genetic predisposition to the birth of the twins really exists, but it can occur in generation.
fact №2
Does the place of birth of twins?
According to statistics, at least the twins are born in the industrial cities. The notion that the environment influences the birth of twins is also a delusion. But there are curiosities. In a small Indian village known as the "village of the twins" are about 70 pairs of twins. And every year it increases. Scientists can not explain this phenomenon, and these Indians believe that it is the work of Lord Ram, who had twin children.
fact №3
"City of twins"
There is also an artificial place for concentration of twins - Tuinzbarg in Ohio. Every year in this city held a celebration in which the twins arrive at different ages.
fact №4
Two or two
The twins are monozygotic and dizigotni. Dizigotni are if they are immediately fertilized two eggs (zygotes) and monozygotic - if only one fertilized egg, but then it is divided.
Monozygotic twins are always of the same sex, they fit all genes, while dizigotnite these matches are only 50%.
fact №5
Siamese twins
These are monozygotic twins, in which the division has begun at a later stage and therefore they are born joined. The compound may be insignificant - for example, a skin fold, but they can also be a connate bone.
fact №6
The method of twins
For the first time the twins science is interested in the 19th century. In 1876 the Englishman F. Galton posted his scientific work "History of twins as a criterion of the relative influence of nature and nurture." Since that time hundreds of experiments using the "method of the twins," which today is the main way of collecting information on the role of heredity and the impact of the environment on man.
The most reliable embodiment is the study of monozygotic twins separated occurring after about 15-20 years. Although living in different families and receive different education, they are equally energetic, love the same books and movies suffer from the same diseases. Meeting, they became close friends and believe that hardly differ from each other.
Specifics of the twins-Part Four
The most important thing to remember parents of twins, you and all the other children to respect them as individuals, to love each of them, noticing personal successes, avoid extremes and time to respond to children's problems. Having twins is hard happiness, but happiness!
Gemini has since man existed, only that they are born rarely. As is known, there are identical twins (EYAB) - a unique case of equal inheritance and genetic identity and fraternal twins (DYAB) that genetically resemble as much as all the other brothers and sisters.
Identical or fraternal
When we meet twins almost automatically ask ourselves: identical or fraternal?
Most often the answer is obtained at a glance
If twins are heterosexual, the conclusion can generally only be '' fraternal ''. If they have sex, they do not look alike, usually find them also '' fraternal ''. But here already assessment can sometimes be wrong and, because identical twins can have different appearance, driven by severe disturbances during pregnancy, disease, eating disorders or accidents of birth. For anyone interested in a much more complex, but also more attractive task would be to determine what sex twins with great similarity between them. Here the probability of error in the conclusion reached by seemingly too large. Eventually a proper assessment can be reached only after careful comparisons and certain medical anthropological analysis. Today there are many twins or parents of twins who do not know whether, respectively. their children are identical or fraternal.
From a biological point of view and EYAB DYAB differ fundamentally. While EYAB genetic counterparts and have the same hereditary potential DYAB differ genetically as much as all brothers and sisters.
How can you explain this? What biological mechanisms underlying these differences? How to create and EYAB DYAB?
The answer to these questions forces us to make a short and understandable for all introduction to embryology. We need to stop the process of fertilization and the first days after it in order to clarify basically creating the twins. Because whether you conceive twins and what type is decided by fertilization or (at EYAB) in the first two weeks of fetal life.
When people are generally born one child. During each menstrual cycle is usually prepared, and one oocyte is discharged from the ovary with ovulation. It retains its ability to fertilize only from 4 to 20 hours, and passed for 4 to 6 days in the fallopian tube into the uterus. Hence fertilization occurs in the first day following ovulation in the upper part of the fallopian tube. A male reproductive cell penetrates the egg. At the time of penetrating the egg shrinks rapidly and thus be retained by the other germ cells. At this point, new life is emerging genetic combination takes place in the egg. The act of fertilization is determined family, racial and numerous physical signs, construction and function of organs. Here, of course, exclude any pathological processes. Without exaggeration, we can say that this is the most important moment of a person's life, there is no rich in consequences. Shortly after fertilization in the zygote (fertilized egg) occurs division. This process takes place even during transport in the fallopian tube. For about 6 days after ovulation zygote is poselva in the lining of the uterus.
Gemini has since man existed, only that they are born rarely. As is known, there are identical twins (EYAB) - a unique case of equal inheritance and genetic identity and fraternal twins (DYAB) that genetically resemble as much as all the other brothers and sisters.
Identical or fraternal
When we meet twins almost automatically ask ourselves: identical or fraternal?
Most often the answer is obtained at a glance
If twins are heterosexual, the conclusion can generally only be '' fraternal ''. If they have sex, they do not look alike, usually find them also '' fraternal ''. But here already assessment can sometimes be wrong and, because identical twins can have different appearance, driven by severe disturbances during pregnancy, disease, eating disorders or accidents of birth. For anyone interested in a much more complex, but also more attractive task would be to determine what sex twins with great similarity between them. Here the probability of error in the conclusion reached by seemingly too large. Eventually a proper assessment can be reached only after careful comparisons and certain medical anthropological analysis. Today there are many twins or parents of twins who do not know whether, respectively. their children are identical or fraternal.
From a biological point of view and EYAB DYAB differ fundamentally. While EYAB genetic counterparts and have the same hereditary potential DYAB differ genetically as much as all brothers and sisters.
How can you explain this? What biological mechanisms underlying these differences? How to create and EYAB DYAB?
The answer to these questions forces us to make a short and understandable for all introduction to embryology. We need to stop the process of fertilization and the first days after it in order to clarify basically creating the twins. Because whether you conceive twins and what type is decided by fertilization or (at EYAB) in the first two weeks of fetal life.
When people are generally born one child. During each menstrual cycle is usually prepared, and one oocyte is discharged from the ovary with ovulation. It retains its ability to fertilize only from 4 to 20 hours, and passed for 4 to 6 days in the fallopian tube into the uterus. Hence fertilization occurs in the first day following ovulation in the upper part of the fallopian tube. A male reproductive cell penetrates the egg. At the time of penetrating the egg shrinks rapidly and thus be retained by the other germ cells. At this point, new life is emerging genetic combination takes place in the egg. The act of fertilization is determined family, racial and numerous physical signs, construction and function of organs. Here, of course, exclude any pathological processes. Without exaggeration, we can say that this is the most important moment of a person's life, there is no rich in consequences. Shortly after fertilization in the zygote (fertilized egg) occurs division. This process takes place even during transport in the fallopian tube. For about 6 days after ovulation zygote is poselva in the lining of the uterus.
Specifics of the twins-third of
Duplication problems
All issues that come before the fledgling parents in families with twins and sharpen appear much brighter. Twins require twice as much attention, care, effort and of course financial hardship - ultimately needed two beds, two sets of clothes, toys and so on. There are also problems specific to twins. One of them, particularly in identical twins is that in the early days and even months babies can hardly be distinguished from one another. At first a few basic techniques in would be handy, as to detect characteristic mole twins to dress in different clothes or to put tags with their names and t.n.t.
It is possible that the mother of newborn twins to haunt remorse that as it does not like children. To develop feelings of love and affection to the child usually takes four months. For mothers of twins, this period lasts almost a year since due to severe pregnancy and subsequent birth, they with fatigue faster and are under more pressure. Moreover, from the beginning the mother of the twins feel affection for two children at once, and only later began to love them separately.
The third is redundant ?!
If the family already has a child, the question that most concerns parents of twins is how it will accept the new members of the family? This is indeed a serious problem. The older child is no longer the center of attention. It begins to be required to fulfill certain obligations, which are sometimes quite boring and annoying. The child can no longer play and fuss when he or fuss fuss, as the rhythm of the whole house is consistent with the regime of twins. Often he "moved" in the other room, changed his bed, but if too little went right for a while with her grandmother or parents send him to kindergarten. All these changes cause a negative reaction in the child. It begins to seem that the good weather is gone, he no longer loved, and place in the hearts of his parents is occupied by new babies. No wonder that in such moments the kid take desperate attempts to bring attention to parents on themselves - no longer dress himself alone refuses to eat and so on. Sometimes a child becomes jealous parents of twins offend babies to hate them and even trying to remove them. It is important that these times parents understand that the kid is not guilty, it is also very difficult. He himself needs to feel the love and support of their parents. It is good at such moments his parents to give due attention - to discuss his problems, showing that they understand how difficult it is; openly express regret that he can not spend more time; with opportunity to go with him to walk alone, without the twins. At any cost should be encouraged him positive attitude and attention to the twins. Let the kid knows that when the babies grow up, they will become best friends will love and respect, and he will take care of them and protect them all together will be the happiest family. The older child should have the right to privacy of their own space in the house and personal toys that you do not have to share with the twins, if it itself does not wish to do so. The kid should not be forced to go to bed at the same time with the babies, let's stay longer with you. Although the background of the newborn, toddler seems even more, remember that it can not grow at once in accordance with your requirements.
All issues that come before the fledgling parents in families with twins and sharpen appear much brighter. Twins require twice as much attention, care, effort and of course financial hardship - ultimately needed two beds, two sets of clothes, toys and so on. There are also problems specific to twins. One of them, particularly in identical twins is that in the early days and even months babies can hardly be distinguished from one another. At first a few basic techniques in would be handy, as to detect characteristic mole twins to dress in different clothes or to put tags with their names and t.n.t.
It is possible that the mother of newborn twins to haunt remorse that as it does not like children. To develop feelings of love and affection to the child usually takes four months. For mothers of twins, this period lasts almost a year since due to severe pregnancy and subsequent birth, they with fatigue faster and are under more pressure. Moreover, from the beginning the mother of the twins feel affection for two children at once, and only later began to love them separately.
The third is redundant ?!
If the family already has a child, the question that most concerns parents of twins is how it will accept the new members of the family? This is indeed a serious problem. The older child is no longer the center of attention. It begins to be required to fulfill certain obligations, which are sometimes quite boring and annoying. The child can no longer play and fuss when he or fuss fuss, as the rhythm of the whole house is consistent with the regime of twins. Often he "moved" in the other room, changed his bed, but if too little went right for a while with her grandmother or parents send him to kindergarten. All these changes cause a negative reaction in the child. It begins to seem that the good weather is gone, he no longer loved, and place in the hearts of his parents is occupied by new babies. No wonder that in such moments the kid take desperate attempts to bring attention to parents on themselves - no longer dress himself alone refuses to eat and so on. Sometimes a child becomes jealous parents of twins offend babies to hate them and even trying to remove them. It is important that these times parents understand that the kid is not guilty, it is also very difficult. He himself needs to feel the love and support of their parents. It is good at such moments his parents to give due attention - to discuss his problems, showing that they understand how difficult it is; openly express regret that he can not spend more time; with opportunity to go with him to walk alone, without the twins. At any cost should be encouraged him positive attitude and attention to the twins. Let the kid knows that when the babies grow up, they will become best friends will love and respect, and he will take care of them and protect them all together will be the happiest family. The older child should have the right to privacy of their own space in the house and personal toys that you do not have to share with the twins, if it itself does not wish to do so. The kid should not be forced to go to bed at the same time with the babies, let's stay longer with you. Although the background of the newborn, toddler seems even more, remember that it can not grow at once in accordance with your requirements.
Features in the second part bliznatsite-
Often twins perform certain roles in pair - one leader, the other is subordinate one is cheerful and sociable, the other - closed and thoughtful and so on. The practice knows those cases where one twin can read and write, the other - to believe. Most often the role of the strongest, smartest pair play firstborn kid - born it weighs more and faster development. This should in no way be abused, as otherwise you risk to form in the smaller role of tinker, loser.
Distribution of roles within the couple became under the influence of various factors - from natural talents to the desire of the parents - and long established. Set roles begin to blur into adulthood when the twins gain more autonomy, psychological begin to separate from each other, turn into autonomous, independent of "co-twins' personalities. In children exacerbates feelings of rivalry; beginning endless conflicts that often grow into violent fights and insults. This happens especially often in raznoyaychnite twins from earlier and more are starting to feel their differences. It also should not worry parents. No sense to overdo it with the penalties of children and without them is hard enough. With time everything will pass, this time you just have to experience. At such times it is important to ensure children do not go to extremes in order not to spoil their relationship irreparably. Help them to discuss their problems and seek solutions, while not forgetting to remind them what a huge lucky they are to have at his co-twin, who has been with them since birth and who can always rely on, because love them and support like no other.
Distribution of roles within the couple became under the influence of various factors - from natural talents to the desire of the parents - and long established. Set roles begin to blur into adulthood when the twins gain more autonomy, psychological begin to separate from each other, turn into autonomous, independent of "co-twins' personalities. In children exacerbates feelings of rivalry; beginning endless conflicts that often grow into violent fights and insults. This happens especially often in raznoyaychnite twins from earlier and more are starting to feel their differences. It also should not worry parents. No sense to overdo it with the penalties of children and without them is hard enough. With time everything will pass, this time you just have to experience. At such times it is important to ensure children do not go to extremes in order not to spoil their relationship irreparably. Help them to discuss their problems and seek solutions, while not forgetting to remind them what a huge lucky they are to have at his co-twin, who has been with them since birth and who can always rely on, because love them and support like no other.
Specifics of the twins, the first part
Twins are very attached to each other, especially in infancy hard tolerate tabs. Kids as young couples prefer to hold on to hands, love to sleep in the same bed, and so on. Parents can easily succumb to the temptation to leave them together, after all, and anyway the kids want it. This is a mistake! If children are not taught time at times to live alone, without the other twin, they can for life remain limited by "mezhdubliznachnite" relationship may not develop their different interests, not to develop personal friendships, not to create families. Therefore, slowly and without excessive pressure each twin should learn to leave it alone - no brother or sister. Sometimes it is better for children to appear on separate walks or one twin remains day - two to visit her grandmother and so on.
If children attend kindergarten, then try once accustomed to the conditions to separate them into different groups. Of course in any case should not insist. Separation can actually be a huge trauma. Many twins kept vivid memory of the day on which for the first time were separated from each other. Every child at the beginning while experiencing some difficulties accustomed to kindergarten. Due to the fact that they are two twins much more painless accustomed to the new environment. It is good if the kids are ready for this step in the school also visit neighboring classes. Before you begin a serious separation of twins, however, would be beneficial to consult with a specialist - a psychologist, educator, pediatrician. The most important thing is to encourage even the smallest act of independence and individuality, helping to build personal I of each child.
Sometimes twins are formed called. autonomous speech - absolutely incomprehensible to others and crystal clear for both. Often parents do not attach great importance to children's chatter and react only when they notice that the twins are starting to fall behind in their development as they do not form normal speech. Such a situation is typical for families in which the adults a little talk with the twins, while turning to them as a whole (Anna Maria). In itself this phenomenon is pleased harmless. Autonomous speech might lead to a problem only when children refuse to communicate like everyone else, which in turn can affect the best remedy in such cases the children to be separated from each other at least a few hours a day. The desire to be misunderstood by others, the twins quickly shake off the speech problems. The most important thing is time to pay attention to the possible unpleasant consequences / isolation, withdrawal / separation from the other twin. It should be noted that small and slight defects in speech are common in twins (and the fact that quite often hear "right speech" of his partner) and often there are demands for a speech therapist.
That the twins spend a lot of time together and surrounding them as a whole, reflect on their individuality and independence. Within three years the twins can go wrong and do not recognize myself photos or in the mirror and respond to his name and that of his brother or sister often use the pronoun "we" instead of "I". Therefore, when communicating with them is important to focus on their differences on their characteristics and to talk about them. It would be good from infancy children to dress differently. Of course sometimes it is quite difficult, but even the smallest differences, / as different buttons, for example / are sufficient. Each child should have their own clothes, their own toys, their books. Always make sure you express your approval for any manifestation of independence, individuality, originality. Note, however, that jealousy and competition in the conquest of the attention and love of their parents are not uncommon in twins.
If children attend kindergarten, then try once accustomed to the conditions to separate them into different groups. Of course in any case should not insist. Separation can actually be a huge trauma. Many twins kept vivid memory of the day on which for the first time were separated from each other. Every child at the beginning while experiencing some difficulties accustomed to kindergarten. Due to the fact that they are two twins much more painless accustomed to the new environment. It is good if the kids are ready for this step in the school also visit neighboring classes. Before you begin a serious separation of twins, however, would be beneficial to consult with a specialist - a psychologist, educator, pediatrician. The most important thing is to encourage even the smallest act of independence and individuality, helping to build personal I of each child.
Sometimes twins are formed called. autonomous speech - absolutely incomprehensible to others and crystal clear for both. Often parents do not attach great importance to children's chatter and react only when they notice that the twins are starting to fall behind in their development as they do not form normal speech. Such a situation is typical for families in which the adults a little talk with the twins, while turning to them as a whole (Anna Maria). In itself this phenomenon is pleased harmless. Autonomous speech might lead to a problem only when children refuse to communicate like everyone else, which in turn can affect the best remedy in such cases the children to be separated from each other at least a few hours a day. The desire to be misunderstood by others, the twins quickly shake off the speech problems. The most important thing is time to pay attention to the possible unpleasant consequences / isolation, withdrawal / separation from the other twin. It should be noted that small and slight defects in speech are common in twins (and the fact that quite often hear "right speech" of his partner) and often there are demands for a speech therapist.
That the twins spend a lot of time together and surrounding them as a whole, reflect on their individuality and independence. Within three years the twins can go wrong and do not recognize myself photos or in the mirror and respond to his name and that of his brother or sister often use the pronoun "we" instead of "I". Therefore, when communicating with them is important to focus on their differences on their characteristics and to talk about them. It would be good from infancy children to dress differently. Of course sometimes it is quite difficult, but even the smallest differences, / as different buttons, for example / are sufficient. Each child should have their own clothes, their own toys, their books. Always make sure you express your approval for any manifestation of independence, individuality, originality. Note, however, that jealousy and competition in the conquest of the attention and love of their parents are not uncommon in twins.
characteristics of mental develop children up to one year Part Two
For many adult education lies in order to scare the children, creating in them a solid network of fears that keep them on track. But it affects the baby still very indirectly.
Only the second month pleasure appears as well limited emotional reaction expressed by limb movements, smiles, happy expression, brevity cries gakane when bathing. These emotions are the result of obgrizhdane, petting and playing with him older. Laughter comes about six months, usually in tickling games or alternately. The child recognizes the adult reactions of fear, anger, happiness, sadness, surprise.
About eight months is a special kind of joy appears, as is the pride and joy in terms of their achievements. At this age already visible manifestations of tenderness and affection, the object of which is the mother and relatives of people around him. Imitation plays a role ogrona: child loves the way you like.
During this period, the child begins to utter short syllables and says his first word. Very often the word 'Dad' 'appears before' mama '', perhaps because it is easier to pronounce or more often absent father, or that it played acrobatic games.
About one month of age differentiated mobility occurs only in the mouth. At the lightest touch causes sucking and looking lips. The same can be said for the eyes, able to remain stationary and fixed objects present in the visual field. Hands do not function at all. They are usually closed and did not try to catch, but are activated when they are touched.
Around the fourth month head start to keep straight when the child behaves seated. It becomes mobile and begins to address the source of the familiar sound. This flexibility encourages visual mobility. Approaching object seen by the child unlocks massive movements of the head and hands. Around the fifth month will catch it between your fingers and the palm, and to shestiya- with opposing thumb.
By mome the mastery of sitting down and "the age of the chair" between the seventh and eighth month, the child learns to stand up and walk.
Nine months may well keep sitting balance and can rotate and bend over without danger of falling. Began to develop fine motor skills: the child can only eat the cookie, to keep the nipple, to catch the crumb between thumb and forefinger. The pointer becomes more active and acts as a tool for research. The language also play this role and becoming more agility. Although at this age and the eleventh month, she still serves it to his mouth, though studies suggest that the fingers are starting to emerge over the mouth.
It goes without saying that this intensive motor development is not separated from the dissenting both sensory and intellectual development.
It is in the context of physical activity, Piaget / Swiss psychologist / reveals the emergence of intelligence about eight months. Occurrence can be schematized as follows: at the beginning the infant's only unconditional reflexes that operate independently. Rather they complement acquired from accidental movements that are repeated / smechene as thumb /. Approximately from the middle of the fifth month, the movements caused random reactions were repeated once. Action already has focus. It does not perform for itself, but for the purpose external result. Of the eighth month on observed coordinate actions in order to achieve pre-set goal.
At the end of the first year will show the last processing: when you accidentally get a new result, it is not repeated stereotypes. The child tries to play with variations, it changes slightly. It tries and explores variations of the result. There is an active experimentation.
The first year ends with the generation of practical or manipulative intelligence, some of the manifestations of which sanaprimer, attracting to himself a remote object by drawing the blanket on which it is located, or his approach using a shovel or stick.
Only the second month pleasure appears as well limited emotional reaction expressed by limb movements, smiles, happy expression, brevity cries gakane when bathing. These emotions are the result of obgrizhdane, petting and playing with him older. Laughter comes about six months, usually in tickling games or alternately. The child recognizes the adult reactions of fear, anger, happiness, sadness, surprise.
About eight months is a special kind of joy appears, as is the pride and joy in terms of their achievements. At this age already visible manifestations of tenderness and affection, the object of which is the mother and relatives of people around him. Imitation plays a role ogrona: child loves the way you like.
During this period, the child begins to utter short syllables and says his first word. Very often the word 'Dad' 'appears before' mama '', perhaps because it is easier to pronounce or more often absent father, or that it played acrobatic games.
About one month of age differentiated mobility occurs only in the mouth. At the lightest touch causes sucking and looking lips. The same can be said for the eyes, able to remain stationary and fixed objects present in the visual field. Hands do not function at all. They are usually closed and did not try to catch, but are activated when they are touched.
Around the fourth month head start to keep straight when the child behaves seated. It becomes mobile and begins to address the source of the familiar sound. This flexibility encourages visual mobility. Approaching object seen by the child unlocks massive movements of the head and hands. Around the fifth month will catch it between your fingers and the palm, and to shestiya- with opposing thumb.
By mome the mastery of sitting down and "the age of the chair" between the seventh and eighth month, the child learns to stand up and walk.
Nine months may well keep sitting balance and can rotate and bend over without danger of falling. Began to develop fine motor skills: the child can only eat the cookie, to keep the nipple, to catch the crumb between thumb and forefinger. The pointer becomes more active and acts as a tool for research. The language also play this role and becoming more agility. Although at this age and the eleventh month, she still serves it to his mouth, though studies suggest that the fingers are starting to emerge over the mouth.
It goes without saying that this intensive motor development is not separated from the dissenting both sensory and intellectual development.
It is in the context of physical activity, Piaget / Swiss psychologist / reveals the emergence of intelligence about eight months. Occurrence can be schematized as follows: at the beginning the infant's only unconditional reflexes that operate independently. Rather they complement acquired from accidental movements that are repeated / smechene as thumb /. Approximately from the middle of the fifth month, the movements caused random reactions were repeated once. Action already has focus. It does not perform for itself, but for the purpose external result. Of the eighth month on observed coordinate actions in order to achieve pre-set goal.
At the end of the first year will show the last processing: when you accidentally get a new result, it is not repeated stereotypes. The child tries to play with variations, it changes slightly. It tries and explores variations of the result. There is an active experimentation.
The first year ends with the generation of practical or manipulative intelligence, some of the manifestations of which sanaprimer, attracting to himself a remote object by drawing the blanket on which it is located, or his approach using a shovel or stick.
Characteristics of mental development of children up to one year
Birth is a huge stress for both mother and child. It must adapt to the new environment. Largely continues newborn intrauterine development in external form and contact him with his obkrazhenie- physical and social, is not yet complete. The baby was born with congenital reflexes like blinking, sneezing, swallowing, breathing, sucking. It gradually began to fix the light reacts differently to different colors and different tastes, hears and reacts to certain smells. Signs of sensations of touch, heat and cold, but the lack of experience can not fix all these sensations. It attracts objects with bright colors. Appears interest in a toy, but does not stay for long. Performed first prehensile dvizheniya- began to hold a toy with both hands, paw her and thus begins to get to know the objects of the environment. Initially, the child does not distinguish between what is itself and what is beyond. In the first months the baby is not different people, but gradually began to show increasing attention to the outside world. Perceived his mother as part of themselves and it is the basis of his impressions and experiences. The mother is the person who most actively involved in raising the child. It satisfies all his needs and desires, which brings the child pleasure, comfort. But it is not always the only factor to satisfy the security is sometimes involved in hard causing concern situations, and in this perspective is becoming the child in an external object. You could say that it is the first 'I' 'of the child and the first' other '', the first person that it will gradually begin to perceive as different from him.
For example, the child first smile of familiar people, especially her mother, while the appearance of strangers, becomes restless and starts to cry. This is a sign that individuals are known to be different from others. Perceptions gradually become more sustainable. The child recognize objects, persons. It actively seeks, embraces head and looks at the speech, music.
The first emotional reactions of the child can be said that the employee "whole mental stage '' as develop and remain a place of any other element, hence the total and their absolute nature. Emotional speech baby is much poorer than ours and often is less understandable, but sigarnost not less eloquent.
It begins with negative emotions, suggesting that the life of the child is not very pleasant. These emotions are expressed by muscle tension, sad facial expression, crying.
From this initial despair, which will trigger the grief purely psychological sadness about the fifth month, features two large emotional totalities: fear and anxiety, on the one hand and aggression on the other. Jealousy appears at the end of the first year.
In children there are hereditary and congenital fears. They acquire a conditioned reflex / as fear of dogs sudden onset / in imitation / example of fear of insects in a child whose mother exhibited such fear / by induction / 'will hurt' '/. Therefore, even though the baby will have panic attacks, it will not have Stahovs till, but the latter will umonozhat with his experiences and increased freedom of action.
For example, the child first smile of familiar people, especially her mother, while the appearance of strangers, becomes restless and starts to cry. This is a sign that individuals are known to be different from others. Perceptions gradually become more sustainable. The child recognize objects, persons. It actively seeks, embraces head and looks at the speech, music.
The first emotional reactions of the child can be said that the employee "whole mental stage '' as develop and remain a place of any other element, hence the total and their absolute nature. Emotional speech baby is much poorer than ours and often is less understandable, but sigarnost not less eloquent.
It begins with negative emotions, suggesting that the life of the child is not very pleasant. These emotions are expressed by muscle tension, sad facial expression, crying.
From this initial despair, which will trigger the grief purely psychological sadness about the fifth month, features two large emotional totalities: fear and anxiety, on the one hand and aggression on the other. Jealousy appears at the end of the first year.
In children there are hereditary and congenital fears. They acquire a conditioned reflex / as fear of dogs sudden onset / in imitation / example of fear of insects in a child whose mother exhibited such fear / by induction / 'will hurt' '/. Therefore, even though the baby will have panic attacks, it will not have Stahovs till, but the latter will umonozhat with his experiences and increased freedom of action.
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